"...Players are rewarded for buying what no one wants when no one wants it, and selling what everyone wants and when everyone needs it."
Bill Williams
1) Technical analysis
1.1 The concept of technical analysis
Technical analysis is a study of price changes on stock, currency and commodity markets. At its basis, technical analysis rests upon an analysis of time series of prices and their graphs, or "charts". In addition to price series, technical analysis uses information about trading volumes and other statistical data.
Technical analysis has developed many different tools and methods, but all are based on the assumption that recurring patterns and trends can be detected by analyzing time series prices and trading volumes to determine the general market condition.
Technical analysis and its traditional counterpart fundamental analysis are the main schools of securities analysis. Technical analysis dominates in the forex market analysis.
There are differences in the methods of technical analysis in the Forex market, where transactions are made between banks, and the exchange, where transactions are recorded by the Chamber of Commerce - for example, in the foreign exchange market can not get the volume of all transactions, and traders look primarily at the price and then examine the volume of trade (for several brokers). Nevertheless, the general principles of technical analysis are the same in all markets.
Technical analysis does not examine the reasons why the price changes its direction (for example, because of poor returns on stocks or changes in other prices), but only the fact that the price is already moving in a certain direction. From an analyst's point of view, profits can be made in any market if you recognise the trend correctly and then close the trade in time. In other words, you should take the opportunity to buy if the price has dropped to the low side and if it has risen to the high side and turned around, you should sell without covering. Playing with the trend" - reducing and restoring positions during price swings, confirmed by trading volume, is also possible.
Read more: How to invest in stocks and what you need to know
In addition to trends, technical analysis checks so-called patterns (patterns) - patterns that appear on charts. For example, we know from history that price rises in many cases continuously and falls in jumps (this happens due to the closing of short positions). Such observations can be used in order to open and close a trading position in time.
For some people, the analysis is simple, for others it is complicated, some people consider it to be art, some people consider it to be a science, some people frankly laugh at it, and some people deify it. There are many fans of disputing the usefulness of the analysis. And at the same time someone earns and someone loses money. Both use almost the same charts and indicators. Newbies often have wrong notions about both tehanalysis itself and its possibilities. Inexperienced people have illusion of technical analysis simplicity, magic power and foresight in making money on financial markets transmitted to anyone who starts using this type of analysis. But that is just an illusion that comes from a masterful presentation! In reality, technical analysis is just a tool to look at market dynamics from a different angle. At its core, technical analysis is simple to understand, but not easy to apply. The profile of the market, which allows us to see the analysis, is presented to everyone in a different way. It is like an artist's painting, in which everyone sees differently, and evaluates it differently.
On a practical level, thechanalysis is a set of methods for formalising the market. In books besides the formal description of some or other indicators, methods of graphic analysis, you will find numerous recommendations for their application in practice. When reading these recommendations you need to remember the saying "trust but verify". And the reason is very simple. First, the market is constantly changing. Second, the methods of market analysis are in many ways individual with a common toolkit.
This method was created for purely applied purposes, namely to generate income first on the securities markets and then on the rest of the markets. All technical analysis techniques were developed separately from each other, and only in the 1970s were they merged into a single theory with a common philosophy, axioms and basic principles.
1.2 Critique of Technical Analysis
Although many technical analysts believe their technique will give them an advantage over other traders, not all researchers share this belief. Technical analysis of price charts in the past does not allow us to guess the "reversal points" of prices in the future, and when prices develop in an already known direction, thechanalysis gives us the simplest "buy and hold" strategy.
Among the critics of thechanalysis there are quite a few successful investors. For example, Warren Buffett says the following: "I realised that technical analysis doesn't work when I turned the price charts upside down and got the same result". Peter Lynch gives an even sharper assessment: "The price charts are great for predicting the past".
1.3 In defence of technical analysis
The goal of many traders is to recognise the direction in which the market is heading. George Lane, a technical analyst, became famous with the phrase: "The trend is your friend!" You need a tool to recognise a trend. And the same tool should be used for getting out of a trading position on time. Technical analysis helps to do this (although it cannot predict anything accurately).
Many market participants act on the basis of their experience, believing that "success lies on the far side of error" (quote: Thomas Watson Sr., founder of IBM). Studying prices and trading volumes is necessary to gain experience in making trades in the stock market.
1.4 Three Axioms of Technical Analysis
Axiom 1.
The price movements on the market take into account all information. According to this axiom, all information affecting the price of the commodity is already taken into account in the price and trading volume, and it is not necessary to separately study the dependence of the price on the political, economic and other factors. It is enough to focus on the study of price/volume dynamics and get information about the most likely market development.
Axiom 2.
Price movements are subject to trends. This axiom is the central axiom of technical analysis; it states that prices do not change randomly, but follow some trends, i.e. price time series can be divided into intervals, in which price changes in certain directions prevail.
Axiom 3.
History repeats itself. This axiom states that it makes sense to apply price change models developed on the basis of historical data analysis because price changes reflect a rather stable psychology of the market crowd - participants react in a similar way to similar situations.
2) Dow Theory
Dow Theory is a theory which describes how prices behave over time. The theory is based on a series of publications by Charles H. Dow (1851-1902), an American journalist, the first editor of the Wall Street Journal and one of the founders of Dow Jones and Co. After Dow's death, the theory was developed by William P. Hamilton, Charles Rhea and George Schaefer and called the "Dow Theory". Dow himself did not use this term. Dow Theory is the basis of technical analysis and consists of 6 postulates:
- There are three types of trends - in an uptrend (downtrend), each subsequent peak and each downtrend must be higher (lower) than the previous one. According to Dow's theory, there are three types of trends: primary (or long-term), secondary (or intermediate) and small (or short-term).
- Each primary trend has three phases - the accumulation phase, the participation phase and the realisation phase. During the first phase, the most astute investors start buying (selling) shares against the general market consensus. This phase is not accompanied by strong price movements because the number of such investors is quite small. At some point a new trend is detected in the market and the shrewd investors start to be followed by active traders using technical analysis. This phase is accompanied by a strong change in price. During the third phase the whole market recognizes the new trend and excitement begins. At this point, astute investors begin to realize profits and close positions.
- The market takes into account all news - prices react quickly to any new information. This applies not only to financial and economic indicators, but to any news in general. This statement of Dow theory fits well with the market efficiency hypothesis.
- Exchange indices must be consistent. This statement applies to the Dow Jones Industrial Index and the Dow Jones Transportation Index. According to Dow theory, the current trend and trend change signals must be confirmed by both indices. However, some difference in timing of signals is allowed, i.e. one of the indices can signal a trend change earlier than the other.
- Trends are confirmed by trading volumes. Dow believed that in order to recognise a trend, trading volumes must be taken into account. A change in the price of a stock when trading volume is low can be explained by many different reasons and does not characterise a current trend. If the price change occurred against a background of high trading volume, it reflects the "real" opinion of the market and describes the development of the current trend or a new trend.
- Trends are in effect until there is a clear signal of an end to them. This statement should be understood as follows: a trend has a tendency to continue and changes in prices which do not correspond to a trend should, in case of uncertainty, be interpreted as a temporary correction and not as a change in trend.
Read more: Dow Theory: Six basic principles of Technical analysis
3) Ways of representing price changes on the basis of time intervals
There are several ways:
- Tick chart - gives the most detailed information about price changes because it displays every new quote. A single chart constructed in disproportion to the passage of time. Each price movement (vertical) is followed by a move by a standard segment (horizontal).
- Linear chart - displays the change in price over time, a sequence of price values at fixed points in time. The smaller is the interval, the more accurately the graph reflects all fluctuations. But we do not get price values inside time intervals! The standard time intervals in technical analysis are 1min, 5min, 15min, 30min, 1 hour, 4 hours, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month.
Technical analysis is subdivided into three methods:
- Graphical - analysis of graphical figures displaying prices;
- Mathematical - computer analysis based on indicators, oscillators and cycles.
4) Graphic analysis
The graphical method is based on the analysis of price charts - a representation of price changes over a period of time on a graph. There are several ways to display prices in graphical analysis:
- Japanese candlesticks;
- bars;
- lines;
- tic-tac-toe;
- renko;
- kagi.
The method of displaying prices in the form of Japanese candlesticks is one of the most popular, because it allows you to clearly display the nature of price changes. A Japanese candlestick displays four important price values within a given time frame:
- Open Price - Open
- Close price - Close
- Minimum value - Low
- Maximum value - High
The wide part of the candle is called the real body. The body represents the price range of the trading session between the opening and closing prices. If the body of a candlestick is black, it means that the closing price was less than the opening price of the session. If the body of the candlestick is white, it means that the closing price was higher than the opening price.
The thin lines above and below the body are called shadows. The shadows indicate the extreme prices of the trading session. The shadow above the body is called the upper shadow, while the shadow below the body is called the lower shadow. The high point of the upper shadow gives the session's maximum price, and the low point of the lower shadow - the session's minimum price. Looking at the candlestick chart, we understand the origin of the name "candle": the individual lines on these charts are really similar to candles with wick ends sticking out of them. If a candlestick doesn't have its upper shadow, it's said to have a shaven head. If a candlestick lacks a shadow, it is said to have a shaven bottom. The Japanese think that the body of a candlestick reflects the most significant price movements. The shadows are usually treated as unimportant price movements.
Read more: How to read Japanese candles correctly? Instructions and examples
Some readers may be familiar with the terms "yin" and "yang". This is what the Chinese call Japanese candles. "Yin" is the name for a black candle, "yang" for a white one.
The Japanese attach great importance to the ratio of opening and closing prices, as these prices correspond to the two most emotional points of the trading day. A Japanese proverb says: "By the dawn's hour all day is equal". Similarly, the opening price determines the further development of the trading session. It gives us an idea of the possible price movement during the day. At this time, all the evening news and rumors are already filtered and combined in one time point.
Candlestick analysis is popular not only because it allows you to visualise price movements within a given time frame, but also because it allows you to look at some of the typical configurations which influence the behaviour of prices later on.
Any directional movement can end, stop and/or change its direction. Trend reversal patterns can help in this case. A trend reversal signal indicates that there is a possibility of a change in trend direction, but not necessarily the opposite. And this is important to understand. Compare an uptrend to a car travelling at 30 kilometres per hour. The red brake lights come on and the car stops. The red light is a kind of reversal indicator which shows that the previous trend (the car's forward movement) is about to end. But now that the car is standing still, will the driver want to drive in the opposite direction? Will he stay where he is? Will he go in the previous direction? Without further signals, we cannot answer these questions.
The Hammer and the Hanging Man are single candlesticks which send out important signals about the "health" of the market. However, most of the signals that appear on Japanese candlestick charts are not based on single candlesticks, but rather on combinations of candlesticks. One of these combinations of candlesticks is the engulfment pattern. It is one of the most important reversal signals, and is formed by two candles with differently coloured bodies.
The next reversal pattern is the 'veil of dark clouds' (see figure). This pattern consists of two candles appearing after an uptrend (or at the top of the trading corridor) and is a reversal signal at the top.
While the "dark cloud veil" pattern is a reversal signal at the top, its opposite, a gap in the clouds, is a reversal signal at the base (see figure). It consists of two candles and appears in a falling market. The first candle has a black body and the second has a long white body." The white candle opens well below the price low of the preceding black candle. The price then rises, forming a relatively long white body which closes above the middle of the black candle's body.The stars represent one of the most mysterious reversal signals. A star is a small-bodied candlestick that forms a price gap with the previous large-bodied candlestick. The main condition for the formation of a star is the gap between its body and the body of the previous candle, while the intersection of shadows is allowed. The color of the star doesn't matter. Stars appear at tops and bottoms (sometimes a star that appears during a downtrend is called a "raindrop"). If a star is a doji (ie instead of a body it has a horizontal line - the opening and closing prices are equal), it is called a “doji star” (see fig.).
The stars are included in four reversal patterns:
- evening Star;
- morning Star;
- doji star;
- falling star.
In all these models, the star's body can be either white or black.
Read more: Graphical analysis on forex, stock and cryptocurrency markets
The Morning Star (see figure) is a bottom reversal pattern. Its name originated from the morning star in the sky (planet Mercury), which heralds the sunrise, as this pattern signals a possible increase in prices. The morning star pattern consists of a candlestick with a long black body, followed by a candlestick with a small body breaking down (these two candles form the simplest star pattern). On the third day, a white candlestick appears, the body of which covers a significant part of the black body of the first day.The evening star is the bearish counterpart of the morning star. Its name arose by analogy with the evening star in the sky (planet Venus), which appears before dark. The evening star pattern is a signal of a reversal at the top, and therefore it becomes a signal for action only if it appears after an uptrend. A doji is called a "doji star" if it breaks up with the body of the previous candle in an uptrend, or breaks below the body of the previous candle in a downtrend. Doji stars are forerunners that the previous trend is changing its direction. The trading session after the doji should confirm the reversal signal.
A Shooting Star is a two-candlestick pattern that warns of the possible end of price growth. Its appearance is quite consistent with the name. Unlike the evening star, the shooting star is not one of the most important reversal signals.
In addition to the listed types of displaying prices on a chart, there were several other methods previously - point-to-digital charts, which are currently practically not used.
Tic-tac-toe.
A specific schedule, for practical use, is recommended only after mastering all other methods of analysis. The main difference of this presentation of information is that there is no time axis, and a new price column is built after the appearance of another direction of dynamics.
A cross is drawn if prices have dropped by a certain number of points (for example, 20). If prices have increased, then a zero is drawn.
The point-and-figure chart allows you to accurately display support and resistance levels, which will be discussed below.
Renko
Renko charts are believed to be named after the Japanese word renga, meaning brick. Renko charts are very similar to three-line breakout charts, with the only difference that the brick line on the Renko chart continues to draw in the direction of the previous price movement only if prices change by a certain minimum value (cell price). All bricks are the same size. Thus, on the Renko chart with a cell price of 5 points, a price increase of 20 points is depicted as four bricks 5 points high.
The main signal of a trend reversal is the appearance of a new white or black brick. A new white brick marks the beginning of a new uptrend, and a new black brick marks a new downtrend. Like other trend-following systems, Renko charts sometimes give false signals if the trend is short-lived. At the same time, they retain the main advantage of such systems - they allow covering the main part of any significant trend.
Because Renko charts highlight the mainstream by screening out minor price changes, they are also useful for identifying support and resistance levels.
The following figure shows a classic bar chart for Intel stock and a renko chart with a 2.5 pip box. The arrows “buy” and “sell” on both charts mark the moments of trend reversals on the “Renko” chart. As you can see, although the signals came with some lag, they did indeed provide a trade in the direction of the main trend.
Renko charts are based only on the closing prices. The price of a cell corresponding to the minimum price change reflected in the chart is set by the user.
When building a Renko, today's closing price is compared with the high and low of the previous brick (white or black).
If the closing price is higher than the high of the previous brick by at least the size of the cell price, then one or more white bricks are plotted on the chart. The height of these bricks is always equal to the price of the cell.
If the closing price is below the low of the previous brick by at least the value of the cell price, then one or more black bricks are plotted on the chart. The height of the bricks is always equal to the price of the cell.
If the price changes by an amount that exceeds the price of the square, but not enough to build two new bricks, then only one new brick is built. So, if on the Renko chart with the price of a cell of 2 points the prices rise from 100 to 103, then only one white brick will be built, which corresponds to a change from 100 to 102. The rest of the movement - from 102 to 103 - reflections on the Renko chart "Will not receive.
Kagi
Kagi charts appeared in the 70s of the last century - at the initial stage of the formation of the Japanese stock market. Kagi charts are a series of interconnected vertical lines, the thickness and direction of the increment of which are determined by price dynamics. The time on the Kagi charts is not counted.
If prices continue to move in one direction, the length of the vertical line on the chart increases. If the price gates at a certain pre-selected value (reversal coefficient), a new vertical line is plotted on the chart in the next column. When prices break above their previous high or low, the line thickness on the Kagi chart changes.
Kagi charts illustrate the forces of supply and demand:
A sequence of thick lines indicates that demand exceeds supply (the market is growing);
the sequence of thin lines reflects the superiority of supply over demand (the market falls);
alternation of thick and thin lines indicates that the market is in equilibrium (supply equals demand).
The main trading signal on the Kagi chart is the change in line thickness: when the line changes from thin to thick, you should buy; when the line changes from thick to thin, sell.
A series of successively increasing highs and lows indicates the strength of the upward movement; declining highs and lows indicate market weakness.
The following figure shows a Kagi chart with a reversal ratio of 0.02 pips and a classic Eurodollar bar chart. The “buy” arrows on the bar chart mark the places where the line on the Kagi chart changes from thin to thick, and the “sell” arrows mark the places where the line changes from thick to thin.
Read more: What is the difference between pips and ticks
If today's closing price is less than or equal to the starting price, then a thin vertical line is drawn from the starting price to the new closing price.
To draw each subsequent line, you need to compare the current closing price with the extreme point (lower or upper) of the previous Kagi line:
If the price continues to move in the direction of the previous line on the chart, the line increments in the same direction, regardless of the magnitude of the price change.
If there is a price reversal by at least the reversal coefficient (this may take several days), then a short horizontal line is drawn on the chart to the next column, and a new vertical line is drawn in it to the level of the last closing price.
If the reversal value is less than the reversal ratio, no new lines are drawn.
If the thin line on the Kagi chart breaks above the previous high, it becomes thick. If the thick Kagi line falls below the previous low, it becomes thin.
Trading volume.
An increase in the volume of traded money is a strong signal confirming the direction of price movement. But the current rules allow you to see only more or less activity, i.e. the number of transactions made during a certain period.
It is obligatory for application as a confirmatory one. It can be built starting from several minutes and more. It is most informative starting from an hour or more. Volume shows the market activity level.
Graphical representation of information reveals the behavior of the market crowd in the past. The analysis of graphs allows to find the regularities in the crowd behavior. When these patterns reappear, traders make decisions. People who base their trading decisions on the analysis of charts alone are called "chartists.
5) Trend Analysis
Graphical analysis also includes analysis of price trends. The main task when analyzing trend lines and models is not only to identify the direction of the trend, but also the life cycle of the trend (LTC).
The following varieties of the trend life cycle are distinguished:
- short-term trend - from 1 day to 3 months;
- medium-term trend - from 3 months to 1 year;
- Long-term trend - from 1 year.
All trends have a different lifetime, which also differs by the period of time for which the analysis is made. It is possible to determine the lifespan of a trend by using the analysis of the LTC, in which case it is important to accurately determine the length of the cycle and its amplitude:
- beginning of life - birth, childhood, adolescence;
- The middle of the term - maturity;
- The end of the trend - old age and death.
It is difficult to recognize the beginning of the life of a trend, and this is not the most important thing. It is much more important to get at least in the middle of a trend, which is usually much more profitable than the first phase of the trend due to speculative warming.
In general, when analyzing trends, it is possible to distinguish the following rules for the recognition of the LTC.
The beginning of the cycle is characterized by an increase in the number of transactions (the volume of transactions or open interest - for stock trading). At this time the oscillators, which we will talk about later, begin to deceive you. In general, the beginning of the trend will take about one-third of the total length of the cycle. During the first period of the beginning of the LTC, prices change on average from 1/4 to 1/3 of the total swing and roll back from 1/5 to 1/4 respectively. The new trend is shaped by capital spillovers between countries. In the middle of the first cycle, the first speculative capitals join the fundamental movement associated with changes in the mode of investment in different countries.
In the middle of the LTC, the first signs of market fatigue begin to appear. The market is "overheated" and wants to "rest". There is some decline in activity, but it is usually not accompanied by a return to previous quotes. As I noted above, there are often sharper price changes in the middle of a cycle than at the beginning of the LTC. This is due to the fact that it is at this point that an army of speculators, huge in number and in weight, begins to join the pioneers of a new trend. And the overheating of the market, in connection with this, is much more significant than in the first period of the LTC. This at the end of the second period leads to a decrease in the quotations to the level close to the one from which it began. As a rule, the quotations during the second period change from a whole to 3/4 of the whole sum of fluctuations, and then roll back from 3/4 to 1/2, respectively.
Read more: What is a quote - concept, features, scope of application
In the last period of the LTC the amount of free speculative capital begins to decrease. This is reflected in a decrease in the number of transactions concluded. Sharp price fluctuations (in comparison with the second period) practically do not occur. Prices, reaching their extremum (maximum or minimum), stay there insignificantly and for a short period of time, and the last fluctuations occur near the maximum. At the end of the last LTC, nervousness grows in the market, expressed in sharp multidirectional fluctuations of prices. Preparation for a new trend begins.
It is recommended to make long-term deals starting from the second one, capturing the first half of the last one.
A trend line implies joining of several relative highs or relative lows. If there are only 2 such points, a trend line can be drawn accurately. However, if it is necessary to connect three or more points, as often happens in reality, an accurate line will be possible only in that rare case when the relationship between them is strictly linear. In reality, the drawn trend line will precisely pass through one or two relative maxima (minima) at best, bypassing the others at the same time. The "most correct" trend line exists only in the imagination of the one who looks at the chart.
For a trend line to be defined accurately and unambiguously, it must be based strictly on two points. Trend lines should be drawn from right to left as recent price activity is more important than past movement.
Determining trend lines based on the most recent relative highs and lows allows trend lines to be continually adjusted as new relative highs and lows occur.
The main and most important characteristic of a trend line is its slope angle. When the trend line is upward sloping, the bulls are in control and we should look for a buying opportunity. When the trend line is sloping downward, the bears are in control and we should look for ways to sell. You can classify trend lines according to their importance using five indicators: time scale, duration, number of times prices have touched the trend line, slope angle and volume of trades.
The greater the time scale, the more important the trendline. The trend line on the weekly chart shows a more significant trend than on the daily chart. The trend line on the daily chart is more important than on the hourly chart, and so on.
The longer the trend line, the more reliable it is. A short trend line reflects the behavior of the masses over a short time interval. A longer line reflects their behavior over a longer period of time. The longer the trend line lasts, the greater its inertia. A serious bull market can follow its trend for several years.
The greater the number of price contacts with the trend line, the more reliable it is. In an uptrend, a return to the line means a rebellion among the "bears". In a downtrend, a jump in prices to the trend line means a rebellion among the bulls. When prices reach the trend line and then move back, you know that the dominant group in the market has defeated the rebels.
The preliminary trend line is drawn through only two points. A third point of contact makes it more reliable. Four or five points of contact show that the market-dominating crowd is firmly in the grains of power. The angle between the trend line and the horizontal reflects the intensity of emotion among the dominant market crowd. A steep trend line indicates that the dominant crowd is dynamic. A relatively flat trend line indicates that the dominant crowd is turning slowly.
6) Support and resistance levels
The ball falls to the floor and bounces. He falls, hitting the ceiling. Support and resistance are like a floor and a ceiling between which prices are sandwiched. Understanding the role of support and resistance is essential to understanding trend and chart patterns. Assessing their strength will allow you to decide which is more likely to continue or reverse the trend.
Support is a price level at which buy positions are strong enough to stop or reverse a downtrend in the opposite direction. When a downtrend reaches a support level, it behaves like a diver who hits the bottom and bounces off of it. Support is depicted on the chart as a horizontal or near-horizontal line connecting multiple lows
Resistance is a price level at which sell positions are strong enough to stop or reverse an uptrend in the opposite direction. When an uptrend reaches a resistance level, it stops and falls down like a man hitting his head on a branch while climbing a tree. Resistance is plotted on a chart as a horizontal or near-horizontal line connecting multiple highs.
It is better to draw support and resistance lines at the edges of the Congestion Zones, rather than through the minimum or maximum values. They show where most players have changed their minds, and the lows and highs reflect only the panic among the weakest players.
Weak support and resistance cause the trend to stop, and strong support to reverse. Players buy at the support price level and sell at the resistance price level, making their impact a self-justifying prediction.
Read more: The basis of trading: Support and Resistance levels
7) Mathematical analysis. Indicators, oscillators, cycles
With the help of a computer, we can analyze the markets more thoroughly. Drawing charts by hand can give you an intuitive, physical sense of prices. You can buy lined paper and paint multiple stock markets or commodities every day. Once you stop at one of the charts, write down at what price level you will buy or sell, when to stop playing, and where to place the precautions. After spending some time like this, you may be tempted to analyze more markets using technical indicators.
Indicators allow you to detect trends and moments of their change. They provide a better understanding of the balance of power between bulls and bears. Indicators are more objective than drawn charts.
The problem with indicators is that they contradict each other. Some work better in a trend, others in a calm market. Some are better at detecting turning points, while others are better at identifying trends.
Most hobbyists are looking for a single indicator: the silver bullet that kills all doubts in the market. Others collect many indicators and try to average their signals. In any case, a reckless newbie with a computer is like a teenager with a sports car, you have to wait for a disaster. The serious player needs to know which indicators perform best under certain conditions. Before using an indicator, you must know what it measures and how it works. Only then can you confidently use their signals.
Players divide indicators into three groups: trend indicators (Trend Following), oscillators (Oscillator) and others. Trend indicators work well when the market is moving, but give dangerous signals if the market is standing still. Oscillators show turning points in a stationary market, but give premature and dangerous signals when the market starts to move. Other indicators give a better understanding of mass psychology. The secret of a successful game is to combine several indicators from different groups so that their negative qualities mutually compensate, and the positive ones remain intact. This is the purpose of the Triple Screen System (see chapter 9.1).
Trend indicators include the Moving Average indicator, MACD (principles of approach/divergence of the average rate movement), MACD-histogram. Directional System, On Balance Volume, Accumulation / Distribution and others. These trend indicators are lagging indicators, they move when the trend has changed.
Oscillators help identify turning points. These include Stochastic, Rate of Change, Smoothed Rate of Change, Momentum, Relative Strength Index (RSI), Elder-Ray, Force Index Index), commodity market range index (CCI) and others. Oscillators are synchronous or leading indicators, they often move ahead of prices.
Other indicators allow you to assess the opinion of the market and its proximity to "bulls" or "bears". Among them, the index of new highs and lows (New High-New Low), the ratio of supply and demand (Put-Call Ratio), the consensus of the bulls (Bullish Consensus), the direction of play, the index of rise/fall (Advance / Decline), the index of players (Traders Index) and so on. They can be synchronous or leading indicators.
We will learn more about indicators, oscillators and cycle theories in the next specialized lectures.
Read more: Using the MACD indicator in forex trading
8) Divergence
Divergence is not a separate technical study, but divergence is used so often that a detailed description of the concept will be helpful.
Divergence is a situation when the direction of price movement and technical indicators does not coincide. Divergence is considered a strong sign of a trend reversal. Distinguish between bullish and bearish divergence.
Divergence research has a long history, dating back to at least the 1890s, when Charles Dow first formulated what later became known as Dow Theory. The Dow Theory relies on confirmations between major Dows to provide signals that detect trends in the stock markets. Before the advent of derivative technical research, intermarket relationships, volume and open interest studies were essentially the only tools for divergence research. They are still very popular and are the basis for a huge amount of interesting and practical work (for example, Bill Oham's 3D tables and Titanic tables for stock markets). Most traders today are significantly more interested in divergences between technical research and downstream * markets than in the more classic Dow Theory divergences.
It is difficult to give a detailed description of the divergence. A possible reason for this could be that these divergences are relatively subjective types of trading signals. Similar to the classic Edwards and Magee charts, divergence is easy to detect in hindsight, but it is always very difficult to see it during deployment. It is also very difficult to efficiently calculate test trading patterns based on divergences.
8.1. Divergences between technical research and markets
Divergences are usually best recognized using some types of oscillators such as the Stochastic Oscillator, RSI, or MACD. Let's just say: when the market creates a new peak or trough, and the technical research built on it does not do that, then we have a divergence. By definition, this means that both technical research and the market will exhibit styloid peaks or troughs that should be easily recognized.
In practice, this is not always easy. Oftentimes, a large divergence formation that correctly indicated a market turn will contain several smaller divergences that seem insignificant to consider but seem more important over time. Several small false signals often occur for each major correct signal. The problem, of course, is to recognize the divergence that carries meaning and the one that does not. Most technical analysts use a slightly different kind of chart analysis for confirmation, such as classic patterns, or analysts rely on multiple divergences, comparing different technical studies and believing that they will find safety behind the numbers. We are not sure that there is any advantage in anticipating the divergence of many indicators. Due to the fact that oscillators are usually similar in their actions, multiple divergences will occur as often as single ones.
You can see divergences in trend following indicators such as the DMI and even moving averages, but they are not as correct as those that appear when using oscillators.
8.2. Trending versus non-trending (flat) markets
One way to distinguish false divergences is to determine if you are in a trending or flat market and interpret the signal accordingly. There are indicators to help measure the trend, such as Wilder's ADX, linear regression. Even just watching the chart, you can assess the trend.
The main difference between the two types of markets is that in a flat market, divergence can be traded in either direction, while in a trending market, divergence signals against the trend should generally be ignored (with the possible exception of trying to catch major peaks and depressions). The direction of a trend, assuming a trend exists, can be understood using simple indicators like a relatively long-term moving average.
8.3. Basic trading rules
Divergences are extremely dangerous signals because you are usually trying to catch a peak or bottom of some kind. The most important thing to remember when trading divergences is to wait for the divergence to be confirmed by a close or series of closes in the direction of a new trend. Don't be ahead of the curve. Most charts are littered with leftovers of potential divergence, which as a result, turn into continuation of the trend. If you rush into an entry, you run the risk of being on the wrong side of a significant market move, especially if the divergence is at a trough or peak, putting you on the wrong side of a breakout.
The best exits in divergence trading, assuming you got in correctly, depend on the type of market you are in. In trending markets, if you manage to get on the right side of the trend, your entry is no different (other than the earlier one) from a normal trend-following entry. Set your exits using a technique of relatively free exits that will keep you trending but not profitable too much - for example, Wilder's Parabolic Stop or a relatively distant tracking stop, or both. If you catch a short-term peak or bottom in a volatile market, use very close tracking stops, or a trade target, or both.
8.4. Serial divergences
Divergences often occur as a series at short intervals in a single market. Obviously, only the last divergence in the series means at least something, and the longer the series, the stronger the signal. One observation says that the divergences gather in triplets, the so-called ABC divergences and George Lane's "three pointers to the top". Our observation suggests that double and triple divergences occur in trending markets, while perfectly correct single divergences occur in flat markets.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to know when to accept the first divergence as a signal and when to wait. Many large market reversals in recent years have been predicted by single divergences. About the same amount was determined by multiple divergences.
8.5. Divergences in related markets
It is important to be prepared that divergences between related markets, or between the cash market and an associated futures market, are as useful and correct as divergences between technical research and markets. As we argued earlier, Dow Theory is based on the divergences of linked markets.
Read more: What are futures: types, features, advantages and risks
Related market divergences offer excellent entry signals and should not be ignored.
8.6. Installation model
George Lane identifies a form of divergence he calls "bull and bear setups." Such patterns form when the oscillator sets a new peak or bottom, and prices do not confirm this. Lane concludes that when a bearish setup occurs after an uptrend, the next consolidation could occur at an important top. Use reverse logic for bullish setups after a downtrend.
There are also situations where a bearish setup is often followed by an explosive upside breakout. There is some truth in both observations, which can lead to a combination of unusually profitable trades. If you buy a consolidation following a bearish setup, you can get very explosive bull trades. This big trade in the up direction will be followed by the top that George Lane was looking for, after which you can expect a profitable trade in the down direction.
Geometry in financial marketsTechnical analysis is a serious method of forecasting the movement of asset prices on the stock exchange. Its adherents believe that all the events, news, emotions and decisions of the exchange participants are already embedded in the price that the trading chart displays.Unlike fundamental analysis, economic calendars, news feeds or financial ratios are not used here. The main weapon of technical analysis is a pattern: a model, a sample. A pattern in trading is any figure formed on the chart by a price or indicator.The fundamental rule of this type of analytics is that history repeats itself. When a technical analysis figure appears in the trading terminal, the trader understands that the price is likely to behave the same as in most cases when this pattern appeared on the chart before.ClassificationTraditionally, trading patterns are divided into three types. The main criterion by which a figure gets its place in the classification is the direction of price movement after the pattern is formed.Figures of uncertainty. Two-sided shapesThis includes all the figures of technical analysis that can talk about both the continuation of the trend and its reversal, depending on the slope of the pattern lines relative to the direction of the current trend. The main representatives of this type of patterns are the wedge and the triangle in all their diversity."Wedge"In the growing trend, you can see two types of these figures: bearish and bullish "Wedge". Both models are formed by the narrowing of the price channel. The bullish "Wedge" looks like a small correction on the growing chart: local lows are updated, but the price in the range slows down. The highs and lows of the wedge are getting closer. For a trader, the signal to buy an asset will be the breaking of the upper limit of the descending "Wedge", bullish.Fig. 1. A descending "Wedge" on a growing chart.A bearish "Wedge" is formed similarly, but with an update of the highs. The price is slowing down, the range is getting smaller. This model signals a trend reversal or indicates a subsequent correction.Fig. 2. Bearish "Wedge".For a downward trend, the pattern is identified in a mirror."Triangle"Some analysts and resources attribute this pattern on the stock exchange to trend continuation figures. Practice shows that after the appearance of a "Triangle" on the chart, the trend can change direction. It depends on the shape specification. Traders and investors most often use two types of "Triangles":Ascending - has a horizontal resistance line, which is periodically tested by the price. At the same time, the lows are fixed higher with each wave, making the price range narrower. To enter a long position, traders use the fact of a breakdown of the resistance line of the "Triangle", or a subsequent rollback to it;Fig. 3. The ascending "Triangle" on the Apple stock chart.Descending - one of the sides of the pattern is formed by horizontal support, and the second by decreasing highs. This is the complete opposite of the ascending "Triangle". Entry points to the sale can be searched immediately after the breakdown of support or a rollback to it.Any of the two patterns can be formed both on a bearish movement and on a bullish one, so they belong to universal figures.Fig. 4. The descending "Triangle" on the Walmart stock chart.Continuation figuresIf such patterns as "Pennant", "Flag" or "Box" appear on the monitor screen, it is highly likely that after the figure is implemented, the price will continue to move in the same direction."Pennant"This pattern is often called a "Triangle" on the stock exchange, because it is formed in almost the same way. The price range fades with each change of direction, drawing a narrowing corridor. The difference is that the upper border of the "Pennant" is directed down, and the lower one is up. The figure can often be detected after strong impulse movements of the asset towards the main trend.The signal to enter the deal appears after the breakout of the pennant border in the direction of the main trend. For a downward trend, the situation is mirrored.Fig. 5. "Pennant" on the growing chart of Moderna shares."Rectangle": corridor, range, consolidationThe range consisting of horizontal support and resistance, into which the quote falls after strong price impulses. For example, after the release of important news. The asset in the corridor takes a break after a rapid movement. The longer the price stays in the range, the more likely it is to break through its boundary. The points for entering the deal should be searched after the breakdown of the boundaries of the "Rectangle" or their subsequent testing.Fig. 6. "Rectangle" in a downtrend."Flag"A continuation pattern that resembles a "Rectangle", but directed by borders against the main trend. It often appears after strong movements on the chart and shows that the bears mistook a small correction for a reversal and some sellers open positions. At some point, buyers start fighting again, the channel border breaks through, and the trend continues to move in the old direction. To enter the transaction, the fact of the breakdown of the boundaries of the "Flag" in the direction of the main trend is used.Fig. 7. "Flag" on the graph.Reversal patterns in tradingSome figures become harbingers of a change in the current trend or a serious correction. Often such patterns occur at historical highs or at strong support or resistance levels."Head and shoulders"The most well-known and used figure of technical analysis in all stock markets. The formation consists of three peaks, of which the middle one is the highest, and two at the edges are approximately at the same level. The pattern schematically resembles the silhouette of human shoulders and head. At the same time, the location of the "Shoulders" at different heights is allowed. The signal to enter the trade is the breakdown of the "Neck" line or its test after the breakdown. For a downtrend, the figure is formed in a mirror.Fig. 8. "Head and Shoulders" on the graph.Double and triple tops, double/triple bottomOne of the main rules of trading is not to buy an asset at the top, but to sell at the bottom. The following patterns are often formed in areas where the security has nowhere to fall or grow.The figure represents two or three tops, bottoms that stopped at the same level, after which the price returned to the last minimum or maximum, and broke through it, turning in the other direction.Fig. 9. The triple vertex on the graph.A double peak is formed similarly to a triple one (Figure 9), with the difference that the support line breaks through after the second peak. Entry points can be searched both after the breakdown of the level and after its subsequent testing.For the double/triple bottom pattern, the situation is mirrored.The above examples of patterns in trading are the main and most common. Using these technical analysis figures in your trading strategy, you should remember that they are not the Holy Grail of trading. It is possible to increase the percentage of accuracy of the price movement forecast by including patterns in complex strategies. 
Brokers are offering more and more services and different types of accounts, which often confuse beginners. An ECN forex account is a type of order execution that takes trades directly to the interbank market. Let's consider how to operate correctly in this environment and whether it is profitable for traders.What is an ECN account?Electronic Communication Network is translated from English as "electronic communication network". This is a platform where requests from all market participants are displayed. Transactions are executed between them without third parties.Differences from the standard oneUp until 10 to 15 years ago it was very common for a broker not to take positions to the market. Counter orders were closed internally. Such situation led to the conflict of interests between trader and broker. As the broker was directly interested in losses of the client.When trading using the ECN account on Forex the deals are sent to the platform, to which the counterparties are connected. The broker is not involved in the transactions and has no influence on them.In the processing centre, buy and sell orders are combined into a common Depth of Market and executed automatically, without intervention by intermediaries.ParticipantsPositions are traded on the interbank market, where both individuals and firms conduct transactions:Private traders.Central and commercial banks.Hedge funds.Corporations.The ECN platform is provided by the organisation that owns the software. Today it has a portfolio of clients from 40 of the world's major banks.FeaturesThe difference between ECN accounts and conventional accounts is that the intermediary is not involved in transactions. Because of this, the platform provides low spreads. The spreads are variable and can increase during times of high instrument volatility or when there is less liquidity in the market. Normally it is between 0 and 5 pips.As the company cannot make profit on spreads, there is a commission for transactions. This is a fee for connecting to the interbank market and stable operation without failures.Even with these fees, low spreads make trading more profitable than in standard conditions.Usually the fee is specified as a fixed amount per turnover of $1,000,000.Read more: What are the Forex platforms and which one to choose for tradingAdvantages and disadvantages of ECN accountsTo understand whether or not a trader requires special terms of service, you need to know the pros and cons.AdvantagesECN in forex is beneficial because:Automation helps eliminate non-market quotes. Transactions are made at the best prices.Low spreads from 0 pips make intraday trading and scalping profitable.Speed. Positions are executed instantly with no requotes.Ability to set orders within the spread.No broker influence. As orders are executed without intermediaries, this excludes interference and fraud.Such trading conditions are suitable for scalper and pips strategies, when the aim of one trade is several pips. The high speed and low spreads allow for maximum profits.DisadvantagesTraders have found disadvantages that intermediaries are silent about:Floating spreads increase to too large a size during economic news releases, at night, on public holidays or on cross-currency pairs.Commission. Some intermediaries charge high fees.Slippage occurs at times of high volatility, when price changes in milliseconds.High minimum deposit amount. If on standard conditions a deposit from $1 is allowed, here the rules are different.The leverage is lower. The ratio of 1:1000 is not accepted.These trading rules are more suitable for professionals who are interested in the speed of execution and withdrawal of orders to the interbank. Beginners can use standard or cent options to work with minimal investments.Read more: Top 5 crypto trading bots - trade on the signals of experienced tradersCriteria for choosing a brokerSome companies offer clients to open an ECN, but in reality do not take trades to the interbank. Orders continue to be executed by an intermediary. And the special trading conditions remain only in the advertisement. The trader thinks that he works on the real currency market.What are the signs of the account that help to understand that clients are not being cheated:Low spreads within market averages.Less leverage than usual - 1:200 or 1:500.Increased minimum deposit. Requirements - from $300-500. If special conditions are allowed for a $1 deposit, this may be a scam.There are no limitations on the minimum time of holding a position.Execution of orders on the market (Market Execution).Availability of commission for transactions.The speed of work is higher than in standard accounts.These features indicate that the company does take the client's positions to the interbank market. It is good if the broker names the specific platform on the website through which operations are conducted. But this information is rare and intermediaries are not obliged to inform the clients about it.ECN broker receives profit in the form of commission. He is interested in the trader conducting more operations.Regular kitchens get their clients' money when their trades are unsuccessful or the deposit is wiped out. From this point of view ECN companies are more reliable.How to open an ECN accountAfter choosing a company, you need to create a trading account. How to do this:Register on the website.Choose account option.To file an application to open an account.Fund in the account in a suitable way.Usually the operation is instantaneous. The trader receives a login and a password which must be entered into the trading terminal.Some brokers allow selecting a counteragent, through whom the trader's deals will be performed. It is better not to determine the particular company. Because conditions for opening a position at the moment may be unprofitable.It is more convenient to use the liquidity of all participants of the platform.Read more: 15 forex trading signals for beginners that you need to knowBottom lineECN accounts are a good alternative to the standard options. They are ideal for traders who want to trade directly in the interbank market. Even with the broker's commission, these trading conditions are more profitable than the standard ones. And low spreads and high speed of order execution will increase profitability of trading. Scalpers and those who use high-frequency trading robots will find these features particularly interesting. 
A recession is an extremely serious and prolonged period of dropping economic acts and data that affects an entire country or even a group of them. It has far-reaching and serious consequences that affect the country's citizens, governments, companies and investors.There is no unambiguous meaning of a recession, but it is usually characterized by a decline in a country's economic activity, including a drop in industrial production, unemployment, national GDP, sales and real income. Statistical agencies usually specify that a decline in GDP must be observed for at least two continuous quarters.Recessions are thought to be a standard component of the business cycle and occur approximately every 7 to 9 years. However, experts have no consensus on how long an economic downturn can last. Typically, a recession that lasts more than 100 consecutive days can be classified as an economic downturn, that lasts fewer than 100 days can be classified as a correction or a bearish trend. But if the economic downturn stays for much longer, several months or quarters, it can be called otherwise as an economic depression, which can last from years to even decades, and also have more serious social negative consequences.What is a double-dip recession?A dual recession is an economic downturn that leads to a brief rebound, temporary economic growth, and then a recession again. This appears to be when economic recovery indicators, such as several positive months of GDP growth, are interrupted by the following economic downturn.Dual recessions are very rare in practice. There is only a single example of a dual recession which occurred in the United States in 1982. It was brought about by a skyrocket in oil prices as per the decision by the OPEC oil cartel embargo. When the U.S. economy started to repair itself, the Fed sharply increased bank rates to curb growing inflation. Central bank rates then peaked at 21.6% and triggered an additional surge of the economic downturn in the United States.Lately, the European Union experienced a dual recession as the outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic. Europe's economic indicators dropped at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, but growth resumed in early 2021 - and France's economy rose by 0.4%, for example. But another surge in disease brought the rebound to be only in the short term, and by April 2021, the eurozone's economic indicators had fallen once more by 0.6%.Read more: Features of successful Forex trading according to GDP dataWhat are the causes of recession?Recessions are specifically brought by economic downturns, which come as a result of different kinds of factors, including:Economic shocks - these occur when there is an unexpected crisis that leads to major financial complications. The most recent and well-known example is the COVID-19 outbreak, which has caused major economic downturns around the globe.Declining income and rising debt - when personal income falls, citizens have to switch to other origins of finance, mainly credit. As debt levels rise, the bankruptcies number rises, which can undermine the economy. This is exactly what occurred with the bursting of the real estate bubble that brought the financial crisis in 2008.Bank Withdrawals - when there is news that a bank may go bankrupt, this event can cause a significant number of bank customers to pull out their money from the bank. Unsupervised runaway withdrawals from banks can lead to bank failures and growing fear in the banking and financial industry. A mass consumer panic could also cause an economic downturn.Hypothetical asset bubbles - when the price of financial assets is inflated above their objective value, this is called a bubble. As a result, prices become volatile, often causing them to plummet. The following panic among market participants can cause companies and independent individuals to sell most of their assets and decrease risk.Trading during a recessionYou can open both long and short positions when you trade with derivatives. This leads to the benefit from both the downside and upside of the market.It is essential to mention that while volatility can provide new profit opportunities, it can also cause serious risks. It is well known that asset prices can fluctuate wildly while in a recession, which means that potential profits may become losses.This is especially true if you opened a short position while in an abrupt fall, but your forecast was wrong and the market rallied instead of falling. The size of resulting loss you may incur can be very large.Therefore, it is crucial to adopt risk management actions, such as setting an insurance stop loss, to protect trades from large losses if the market resists you. When you trade leveraged financial tools such as CFDs or forex, your possible losses can also increase, so it's essential to neglect the possibility of losing capital at an amount greater than you can afford to waste.Now let's see a few different types of assets and their reaction to a recessionIn a recession, what happens to the bonds?Prices of government bonds typically rise in an economic collapse. They are referred to as a safe haven from loss during an economic drop. The study found that government bonds increased 12% during the economic collapse in 2008 and 8% during the technology crisis from 2000 to 2002.The reason for this is that the bond market is future-oriented and shows investors' forecasts for the future. Thus, it turns out that by the time the economic collapse appears, much of the losses for the bond market are already factored in, and investors are expecting the post-recession recovery level.Central banks also choose to purchase bonds as part of their actions to stimulate the state economy by altering monetary policy. This usually coincides with a decline in central bank interest rates.On the other hand, not all bonds decline in an exact manner. It is important to analyze a bond's yield and how it relates to bank rates. For instance, bonds that were issued a long time ago have higher yields and they usually do better in a low-bank-rate situation due to their more appealing than recent bonds with lower yields.After the economic decline is over, when bank rates start to grow and monetary stimulus packages finish, then fresher bonds may have greater yields.It should be clear to recognize that junk bonds do not perform exactly as government bonds because of the difference in attitudes toward them. Junk bonds are considered less stable and more unsafe investments, while government bonds are usually thought of as more stable, especially when issued by countries with stable economies - such as Japan, Germany and United States.Read more: What is a Bond: types, risks, difference from stock, pros and consIn a recession, what happens to commodities?Typically, when an economy slows down, industrial output falls due to a decrease in infrastructure projects and new housing construction, which leads to a drop in demand for basic goods and lower prices.The value of some commodities while in an economic downfall, such as metals for industry, farming goods and energy, depends on if they are decayable or not. If a commodity cannot be held for a prolonged period of time, its value is likely to fall while in a recession when demand for it falls. This will be supported by a subsequent decline in production and viable storage problems.We remember the consequences in April 2020 of oil storage overflows when the highest volume of crude oil ever was left at the seaports. The oil glut caused global anxiety in the markets, and the price of WTI crude fell below zero for the first time, because investors were afraid that they would have to handle the supply of oil themselves.But prices of some basic resources react variously - especially as they are thought of as a storehouse of elemental value. This is usually the case for gold (XAU) and silver (XAG), but also for other metals with high demand like palladium (XPD) and platinum (XPL).In a recession, what happens to the gold?Purchasing gold while in an economic downturn is often seen as a beneficial decision because of its name "safe haven." For instance, during the 2008 collapse, when S&P 500 fell by 37% in value, the value of gold increased accordingly by 24%.The conventional wisdom is that metals retain their value and value in economic collapses due to the constant demand for them if government banks hold gold or from industries that do not always experience recessions exactly - such as technological advances and medicine.But, this connection became a self-exploration prophecy of sorts. Investors believe that gold is a safe haven, which is why it acts that way.It's crucial to mention that gold may not always grow in recessions like in other markets, gold prices experience both peaks and troughs-but it is thought to be more stable than stocks.One can open a gold position in many various ways, like by purchasing gold bars and coins made from precious metals suppliers, focusing on ETFs, trading CFDs or futures.Furthermore, whenever you open a position while in a recession, it's important to know the risk. Markets can adjust rapidly, and even well-known safe havens can take traders off guard by sudden, unpredictable price movements.In a recession, what happens to the stock market?Usually, the stock market is known as an indicator of the health of an economy because it reveals to us how easily companies can access national capital and how actively individuals invest in risky assets. Not surprisingly, while in an economic collapse, the stock market drops as investors exit the riskiest assets.On the other hand, there are categories of stocks that become leaders while in financial market downturns due to their gain and rise disregarding of the economic cycle. Such stocks are named "defensive stocks," and they usually include telecommunications companies, utilities, health care and consumer staples. The products that these companies offer are considered vital, so these companies keep on making strong sales and steady gains while other industry sectors experience the entire negative impact of the drop.Nonetheless, a stock market fall is not always equivalent to an economic downturn, specifically, if the drop is contained inside the market-it could simply be a local correction or a bearish trend for other reasons. Actually, many economists think that the stock market itself is not an adequate indicator of a nation's economic boom.Do gold stocks rise in a recession?Simply said, yes, gold stocks tend to rise in price while in a recession. While most parts of the stock market may fall under a recession, gold generally increases in value. This leads to gold mining and production companies getting a boost.On the other hand, changes in the price of gold stocks depend on their financial act and investor sentiment towards them. Therefore, there is no assurance that each gold stock will grow in price. You need to do your own analysis of the fundamentals of each company individually.In a recession, what happens to the forex market?Forex is completely immune to an economical collapse unless each country is destroyed by an economic collapse, traders will find a way to exploit the difference in power between the two currencies.Some currencies or groups of currencies will eventually fall as their national economies collapse in the recession. However, other currencies may take their place. Essentially, forex trading requires long positions in one currency and short positions in another, so forex traders can simultaneously trade the currency of a country whose economy is both in crisis and thriving.When a nation's economy goes into recession, central bank rates fall, making the country's currency less attractive for investment. Typically, currencies with low bank rates are used to purchase currencies with higher interest rates - a so-called carry trade technique.Meanwhile, as the economy repairs itself from the crisis and bank rates grow, the national currency begins to build up as international and national investors will seek to store their money in that country's banks or buy its currency.Read more: Causes of inflation and scientific approaches to their studyWhen was the last recession?The last economical downturn was in the middle of 2020 in the U.K. For the first time in 11 years, the economy reserved 20.4% from April to June 2020. The COVID-19 virus that began led to a sudden drop in household spending, a drop in industrial production in factories and construction, and a halt in transportation and travel, causing GDP to drop for two continuing quarters.Eventually, the economy did recover, and although there were renewed fears of a second dip in 2021, the GDP chart stayed securely in the shape of a "V." But, the lingering uncertainty in the economy has raised fright that another downturn could occur in 2022.The last considerable economic collapse was the financial crisis in 2008 which started in December 2007 and carried on till June 2009. By that time, it was the most lengthy recession since WWII. It was brought about by the catastrophe in the housing market, which was caused by poor control of the mortgage market in the United States.Even though it began in the U.S., it rapidly spread throughout Europe, including Great Britain, Germany, and France, as well as Asia. 
If you already have basic knowledge of how to work in financial markets and are on the verge of building your own trading system, I recommend studying the Ichimoku indicator. The Ichimoku indicator combines the power of five lines and Japanese imagery. Currently, it is becoming more and more popular among traders, being a solid foundation of their trading systems. This indicator can also help you achieve success and gain financial independence.Senkou Span and the Ichimoku CloudLet 's recall the definition of these lines:Senkou Span A (SSA) - the middle of the distance between Tenkan-sen (TS) and Kijun-sen (KS), shifted forward by the value of the second time interval.Senkou Span B (SSB) - the average value of the price for the third time interval, shifted forward by the value of the second time interval.Translated from Japanese – "riding, galloping ahead of the carriage."We have already said that the main lines of the indicator are the levels of a 50% pullback at various time intervals. They allow you to dynamically track the levels of these pullbacks, i.e. the possible values of trend corrections. The lines also make up a set of support/resistance levels of various strengths, their analogue can be considered a set of moving averages.Read more: What is Technical Analysis and why does an investor need itThe author of the indicator, Goichi Hosoda, conceived Senkou Spans as future levels of resistance and support, which draw a zone of predominance of the interests of market participants.Picture 1. SSA and SSB lines.Senkou-Span A gives us information about the short-term trend in the market. Its direction is recommendations for choosing a strategy: buy or sell. SSA is directed up – buy, down – sell. Finding the SSA above the SSB is a bullish market, under the SSB is a bearish one. Its second function is to act as a resistance or support level. However, the author of the indicator, Mr. Hosoda, considered this line weak for such a function, but this role cannot be ignored when analyzing the work with the chart.Senkou-Span B – unlike SSA, Hosoda paid more attention to this line. Having a larger time interval parameter, it, like Kijun Sen, carries the function of providing information about long-term trends in the market. Its direction, like all lines, gives us the choice of the direction of entry into the market. And the resistance/support function gives us the opportunity to find entry points into the market.And a very important point is that the exit of this line in the horizontal direction signals us about the end of the momentum of movement, a possible flat and a likely change in trend. Which gives us the opportunity to be ready, under certain conditions, to exit the market.However, the uniqueness of the indicator is that these two lines tell us about the future. Their mutual location, the location of the price, the fifth, not yet considered by us, the Chinkou Span and Kijun Sen and Tenkan Sen lines relative to them give us a lot of information about the market, its condition and prospects.Ichimoku Cloud and how to use itThe author of the indicator, Goichi Hosoda, conceived Senkou Spans as future levels of resistance and support, which draw a zone of predominance of the interests of market participants. According to Hosoda's plan, a change in the color of this zone signals a possible trend change or at least a rollback (correction).Look at Picture 2. If we analyze it carefully, we will see that this is indeed the case: the changed color of the cloud allowed the indicator user to see changes in market sentiment almost at the very beginning of this action. This signal is the most significant asset of the Ichimoku indicator.Picture 2. We track changes in trends using the Ichimoku cloud.If we look at Picture 2 again, we will pay attention to the fact that clouds look different not only in color, but also in shape. This form is set by the mutual arrangement of SSA and SSB. The unidirectional movement of the Senkoi in a direction other than horizontal tells us about the strength of the trend. The steeper the angle of the cloud movement, the stronger the trend and momentum of the market movement. The exit of these lines to the horizontal signals the equilibrium in the market (flat) and a possible change in the trend.Read more: Technical analysis on the forex marketHowever, here it is necessary to note such a moment as the width (thickness) of the cloud. The strength of the momentum of movement sometimes gives a negative reflection. It's like at the front. When a powerful, strong, fleeting blow leads to the breakthrough of all the enemy's resistances and withdrawal to his rear, but at the same time the rear of the attacker himself becomes very vulnerable. Because there are a lot of opponents left in them, and the attacker's reserves are far behind.So it is in this situation. With a powerful pulse, the thickness of the cloud is minimal, sometimes SSA and SSB merge into one line. These places are the most vulnerable to a breakdown when trends change. A more systematic, long-term movement, with reasonable pullbacks, draws a very "thick" cloud, which becomes very problematic for those who decide to change trends in the market. The thicker the cloud, the more interests there are of those who "drew" this cloud, and they just don't give up without a fight.Important. At the same time, it is necessary to note a very important point in the combination of these lines. When the SSB goes horizontal, and the SSA continues its directional movement, it means that we have only a weakening of the momentum of movement, but not a trend. At the same time, the Ichimoku cloud is expanding, which means that the prevailing interests in the market are expanding both in time and price ranges.In addition, the cloud carries another wonderful function. It, figuratively speaking, forms areas of "high" and "low" pressure. Acting as support and resistance, cloud lines form areas of interest for market participants. When the price is below the cloud, we are talking about the predominance of bearish trends in the market and, accordingly, the prevailing recommendation will be "sell". When the price enters the zone above the clouds, the bulls will have the initiative in the market, which means that we will stick to the buying strategy. At the same time, the cloud has another remarkable property. Inside it, the interests of bulls and bears intersect, consensus is established in the market, or maybe, on the contrary, there is a massacre and no one wants to give in, and we are seeing a flat.Ichimoku Cloud Trading SignalsWe have already briefly familiarized ourselves with some of the signals that the cloud and its components give us. Now let's look at this action in more detail. Let's start with the simple ones.Independent signals from SSA and SSBTrend signals:1. Recalculation of SSA and SSB. As we noted above, the most important signal for determining the trend from the Ichimoku indicator is the moment of intersection of the SSA and SSB lines, and the next change in the color of the cloud. An important condition for confirming this signal is the unidirectional movement of SSA and SSB following the intersection in the direction of the signal direction. The SSA will help with this. SSA is directed up – buy, down — sell.Read more: Features of intraday trading on the Forex market2. Unidirectional movement of SSA and SSB. As we have already noted, SSA is an indicator of the short-term trend in the market, and SSB tells us about the long-term preferences of the market. Therefore, when short-term and long-term trends coincide, we get their strengthening. Therefore, this signal itself is very strong. With a directional movement other than horizontal, this signal allows us to determine both the beginning of the trend and its continuation in a timely manner, thereby allowing us to enter the market in those conditions when we missed the beginning of the trend.3. SSA and SSB oncoming trafficPicture 3. Oncoming traffic.This action of the lines occurs at the moment when a rapid and final end of a long-term trend occurs in the market and precedes their crossing soon. This signal can also be used to take profits on the previous movement and enter the market in a different direction.Reversal (correction) signalPicture 4. Reversal (correction) signal.A reversal trading signal in this combination of Ichimoku indicator lines is issued by SSA. Being an indicator of short-term trends, SSA gives us the opportunity to timely determine the moment of exit from the trend, and catch the entry point into the market in new conditions.Conditions for the signalIf you look closely at Picture 4, you will see that by this time the SSB had already moved from directional movement to horizontal, which should have indicated a weakening of the momentum of the previous movement, and we should at least have expected a rollback (correction) of this movement. This is the first phase of the signal. Then, after a while, confirmation of this signal follows, the SSA is directed in the opposite direction of the movement and the price gives a reversal. Let's take an example of the work of SSA and SSB.Picture 5. An example of the reversal signal.Somewhere behind the scenes, the beginning of a bearish trend remains. Then SSA and SSB went horizontal (pos. 1), which corresponded to a short flat movement. Then the SSA and SSB turned down simultaneously (pos.2). We received a signal to continue the downtrend, and the opportunity to enter the market. After a while, SSB went horizontal, a signal of slowing momentum and a recommendation to be ready to exit the market, but SSA continued its downward movement, recommending that we hold the position.Then the SSA turned up (pos. 3), a signal of a change in trend (or correction) and exit from sales positions. Recommendation to buy. After a while, the SSA also entered the horizontal, advising us to be ready for the end of the correction and recommending that we exit the purchases. And then the unidirectional movement of both lines followed again (item 4), recommending that we re-enter the market with sales and keep them until the SSA changes its direction.Read more: 15 forex trading signals for beginners that you need to knowSignals of interaction of the price chart and cloud linesAs we already know from the definitions, the SSA and SSB lines act as support and resistance levels of the market. Based on this, strategies for working in the market are built on the breakdown or rebound of the price chart from these lines. Important components of this strategy are the factors of the mutual position of the chart and the cloud, as well as the color of the cloud standing in the way of the price chart. Let's look at these points with examples.Picture 6. Operation of the cloud.Picture 6 clearly shows how the cloud and its components work when interacting with the price chart. If the price approaches a bearish cloud from below, then SSA stands in its way (in this case, it acts as the lower boundary of the cloud and resistance). The breakdown of this line will allow the price to enter the cloud, where, as we described above, interests will meet with the opposing side. And the bulls' goal will be the opposite side of the cloud, where SSB will already act as resistance, and SSA will already act as support for them in this confrontation. Entering the cloud usually indicates a high probability of flat movement. This will be confirmed by the lines of the cloud that will be drawn at this time.Realizing that a breakdown of the SSB will put an end to the long-term trend, bears will resist at this border of the cloud. Especially since this is their cloud. And usually, when this line is reached, there is a rebound from it, and the price rushes back to the lower border of the SSA cloud. Such maneuvers can last as long as you want. If, during the reverse course to the SSA, this line turns out to be broken down, then we will most likely get a continuation of the bearish trend, the rebound will give the bulls new strength, and the price will again rush to the upper border of the cloud. A breakdown of the SSB will mean the price entering the growth zone, the victory of the bulls and the final trend change.The same thing happens with other variants of the price chart and the cloud. Only the options change, which line is the first on the way to the price chart.Thus, we have several more signals from the Ichimoku indicator.Breakdown of the upper boundary of the cloud up – a buy signal;Breakdown of the lower boundary of the cloud down – a sell signal;A rebound from the lower border of the cloud from below is a signal to continue the trend and sell;A rebound from the upper border of the cloud from above is a signal to continue the trend and buy.Read more: Forex Signals - what is it? How to use them?Working inside the Ichimoku Cloud (flat)Breakdown of the cloud boundary and entry into the cloud – a buy or sell signal with the goal – another cloud boundary.A rebound from the cloud boundaries is a buy or sell signal with a goal – another cloud boundary.When working with the price and cloud chart, as we said above, the moment of the thickness of this cloud and the angle of contact between the price and the SSB is important. The thinner the cloud, the more likely it is to break through. The sharper the angle between the price chart and the SSA or SSB, the less chance this line has to resist a breakdown.Here is briefly what I wanted to convey to you in this lesson. 
To assess the current state of the economy and future trends, investors use various tools: GDP dynamics, stock indexes, unemployment, inflation, PMI business activity index, producer inflation, consumer expectations indicator, etc. But in addition to stock indexes, you can also analyze the value of the national currency of the United States - the dollar.Since the stock market is an integral part of the economy, as integral as the dollar in the economy, the dynamics of the value of the national currency can serve as signals potentially important for the investor. The dollar is the main currency of international settlements, the main world reserve currency, the main volume of debt obligations in the world is issued in US dollars. Therefore, the value of the dollar is a kind of barometer not only of the US economy, but also of the world economy. The dollar has its own index - the DXY dollar index (DXY or USDX tickers).In this article, we will look at what the US dollar index DXY is, how it is calculated and how to interpret the dynamics of its value.What does the US dollar index DXY meanThe US dollar Index (DXY) is a calculated indicator of the market value of the US dollar relative to the "basket" of monetary units of the countries - the most important trading partners of the United States. The index basket consists of 6 currencies: euro, Japanese yen, British pound sterling, Canadian dollar, Swedish krona and Swiss franc.We can say that indirectly, the index value characterizes the dynamics of US exports, because with its growth, the demand for the dollar also increases.To calculate the index, currencies are assigned different weights in accordance with the shares of currencies in US international trade:At the time of the index's creation, to a greater extent, it was they who held the primacy in the foreign trade turnover of the United States. More than half of the weight (57.6%) has the euro, and the share of the smallest component – the Swiss franc - is 3.6%. Based on the weight of each currency pair, it can be concluded that the role of the euro in the formation of the dollar index is several times higher than that of other currencies.The DXY index is calculated using the weighted average geometric calculation method. Each national currency of the US partners from the currency basket of the index has its share of influence on the USDX index. The formula has the following form:The index value reflects the change in the ratio of the dollar to other currencies compared to its base value. The coefficient 50.14348112, which is involved in the calculation formula as the first term, was selected in such a way that the initial value of the index was 100 p. The power coefficients are equal to the shares of the corresponding currencies in the index base.The growth of the index indicates an increase in the value of the dollar compared to the "basket" of currencies, i.e. its strengthening, and vice versa, its decline indicates that it has become weaker. If the index value is greater than 100, then the strength of the dollar has increased by the corresponding amount. And, conversely, when the dollar price decreases, the index decreases.History of the US dollar index DXYThe calculation of the dollar index began in 1973 after the termination of the Breton Woods Agreement. In accordance with this agreement, for a long time, the currencies of 44 countries were pegged to the dollar, which, in turn, was backed by gold ($35 per troy ounce (gold standard).In 1973, the United States refused to link to gold, because its reserves in the United States were limited to a certain amount, and the dollars secured by gold were not enough for the development of world trade. Since then, countries have switched to floating exchange rates of national currencies.In the same 1973, the DXY index was created as a barometer evaluating the "paper" dollar in relation to other currencies. Initially, the basic basket of the index included 10 currencies, of which 8 were European. The base of the index has changed only once – in 1999 in connection with the formation of the eurozone and the emergence of the euro. The euro replaced 5 currencies of European countries from the index. Until 1999, the most significant currency for calculating the USDX index was the national currency of Germany – the German mark.The initial value of the index was taken as 100 p. The following index calculation results are measured as a ratio to the base value.Initially, the US dollar index was developed by the US Federal Reserve System in 1973 to obtain the average value of the US dollar weighted by foreign bilateral trade, freely floating against world currencies. Now the index is calculated by the ICE exchange holding (Intercontinental Exchange, Inc.). The calculation is made daily, once an hour. There are no regular adjustments or rebalancing of the ICE US dollar index.The values and dynamics of the dollar index may be different, but the following values are taken as benchmarks.More than 100 pp. – similar values indicate the strength of the dollar relative to other national currencies from the index basket.Equal to 100 p.p. – this means that the dollar is at the level of the other currencies of the index basket.Less than 100 pp. – this indicates the weakness of the US national currency.As can be seen on the graph, the maximum index value (160 pp.) was fixed in 1985, the minimum (72 pp.) - during the 2008 crisis. At the time of publication of the article (10.08.2022), the index value is 106.303 pp. This means that the value of the dollar has increased by 6,303 p.p. compared to the baseline value. This is the highest value in the last 20 years.Thus, the DXY index measures how the dollar price changes on the world market.What does the dynamics of the dollar index DXY indicateThe specificity of the DXY dollar index is that its dynamics cannot be interpreted unambiguously. Unlike conventional currencies, which fall when the country's economy deteriorates, the US dollar can strengthen both during economic growth in the US and during a global recession or economic downturn. This feature is due to the fact that the dollar is the world's reserve currency and plays a unique global role in the global economy. On the one hand, investors see the American currency as an opportunity to make money on the economic recovery, on the other hand, they consider the dollar as a relatively safe asset that will allow them to survive difficulties while saving their savings. This feature is called the "dollar smile theory". There are 3 phases in the behavior of the dollar:Phase 1 – Dollar growth due to increased risk aversion. The dollar is strengthening with a decrease in the growth rate of the global economy and an increase in risks in the markets. In such a situation, in order to avoid possible losses or minimize them, investors exit risky assets and direct funds to the dollar, which is considered a "safe haven currency". At this stage, the investor's goal is to preserve, not increase, the available capital. In addition, to invest in US Treasury bonds that are considered risk-free in any economic situation, dollars are also needed, which leads to increased demand for them and an increase in the exchange rate.Phase 2 - Economic recession and recession. At this stage, the economy is showing signs of slowing down or even recession, and the Fed is starting to cut interest rates. Investors are starting not to buy, but to sell the dollar in order to switch to currencies that can provide higher returns. Demand for the dollar is weak, which leads to its fall.Another factor is the relative economic efficiency of the United States and other countries. The US economy may not necessarily be stagnant, but if its economic growth is weaker than in other countries, then investors will prefer to sell US dollars and buy the currency of a country with a stronger economy. As a result, the lower part of the "smile" is formed - the dollar is falling.Phase 3 – Economic growth. The values of fundamental indicators are beginning to indicate an improvement in the economic situation, i.e. the phase of economic growth. Companies are increasing production, there are signs of economic recovery. Investors' risk appetite is returning. Thus, with stronger GDP growth in the US economy compared to other countries, the dollar is also strengthening. Thus, the key factor in the dynamics of the dollar index is relative economic growth. If the economy of the "rest of the world" can grow faster than the US economy, this will lead to a weakening of the US dollar. If the US economy is growing faster, then the US dollar will grow. In fact, the influx of foreign money into American enterprises and investments leads to an increase in the value of the dollar.An example of such a scenario is the 2008 crisis. In mid-2008, investors sought stability during the crisis period in the form of investing in the dollar, which led to its strengthening. As the situation normalized and the crisis processes slowed down, the focus of investors' interests began to shift to more profitable and risky instruments. This flow of capital led to a significant drop in the US dollar in early 2009. The recovery of the US economy from the crisis caused an increase in demand for the dollar and, as a result, its strengthening until the end of the 1st half of 2010.The factor of updating the highs of the dollar value relative to world currencies from the reserve basket in 2022: the Fed started tightening monetary policy earlier than other major central banks (against which the yield of government treasury bonds began to rise), the problems of the eurozone, the devaluation trend in the euro and yen, the weakness of stock markets. All this together makes American investments more profitable, because now they promise higher profits. Finally, investors and analysts are concerned about the global recession – the dollar is traditionally considered the most reliable asset in turbulent times.Let's take a closer look at how the change in the dollar index affects the dynamics of some investment instruments and the economy of enterprises.BondsThe increase in the profitability of investments in US Treasury bonds is accompanied by an increase in the DXY index. Bonds are traditionally considered the lowest-risk assets that allow you to save capital. At the same time, in order for them to be attractive for investment, their profitability should be higher than the inflation rate.Currently, due to an increase in the interest rate and an increase in bond yields, investors are starting to exit riskier assets of other countries, i.e. there is a flow of funds into the dollar for further investments in bonds. In addition, due to the unstable global economic and geopolitical situation, the demand for the most risk-free instruments is growing. This leads to a strengthening of the dollar.StocksA stronger dollar is not always good for equity investors. It means:A decrease in the profits of exporting companies and global corporations from sales of products in other countries.An increase in the costs of exporters, which leads to an increase in prices for the goods they produce and, as a result, a decrease in competitive advantage.Increasing the costs of foreign companies operating in the United States.Thus, the growth of the DXY index signals a weakening of the US stock market, i.e. the dollar index is basically moving opposite to the S&P 500 index.Such a decline in the market is due to the fact that a strong dollar makes imports cheaper and exports more expensive and less competitive in world markets. The rising dollar affects the profits of many global corporations.Exporting companies and global corporationsCompanies that supply their products around the world make more profit with a weak dollar.The high values of the DXY index, i.e. the growth in the value of the dollar negatively affects US exports. In this case, the volume of goods purchased by other countries decreases, because they need more of their own currency to buy the same volume. That is, US companies face the following consequences of the strengthening of the dollar:Decrease in the volume of exports.Margin reduction, as a result of a decrease in the volume of funds received, including for the development of the company. In this case, there is a significant adverse effect of exchange rate fluctuations.The weakening of the exchange rate of a foreign currency against the US dollar adversely affects the company's sales and revenues denominated in a foreign currency (other than the dollar), and usually leads to the company raising prices in other currencies to compensate for the strengthening of the US dollar, potentially reducing demand for its products. If in some cases, for some reason, the company decides not to raise prices, this negatively affects the profit that the company earns in US dollars: when converting foreign exchange earnings into US dollars, the company receives less (since the dollar has become more expensive).Importing companiesA strong dollar benefits US importers. With the growth of the dollar, imports for American companies become cheaper, and they can make more profit. For companies in other countries that import products from the United States – on the contrary, because they have to spend more of their currency to buy goods or raw materials.Commodity marketsPricing for most commodities occurs in the US dollar due to its role as the leading reserve currency. Local production costs and consumer prices can be expressed in different currencies, but for wholesale deliveries, the US dollar is used as a means of exchange. Over time, the growth of the dollar usually leads to a decrease in commodity prices, while the weakness of the reserve currency is a factor in the growth of prices in commodity markets. An increase in the DXY index leads to a decline in all commodity markets.Below is a graph of oil prices and the DXY index, which shows the inverse correlation of the dollar index with oil prices.In addition to the impact of the dollar's value on financial and commodity markets, it is worth mentioning separately the following global consequences for the economies of other countries:An increase in the debt burden on the budgets of countries that have dollar loans. After all, it is a well-known fact that the bulk of the world's debt obligations are denominated in US dollars. US banks actively lend not only to companies and businesses, but also to entire states. With the growth of the dollar, borrowers have to pay more on their debts.Emigration of capital from countries. When the national currency (other than the dollar) weakens, it forces large businesses and investors to withdraw funds from the economy of this country, which is an additional factor in the weakening of the local currency.Negative impact on economic growth. The effect of the dollar's growth is felt by importing companies, manufacturers who are heavily dependent on imported components from the United States. In the conditions of modern global globalization, it is difficult to find production facilities that are 100% provided by local markets. This is especially true for the production of complex technological products. To maintain output volumes at the same level, manufacturers need to spend more money on purchases, which often leads to losses. Therefore, a compromise option is to reduce the volume of output. On the scale of the country's economy, this means a drop in GDP.Pros and cons of the DXY Dollar IndexLike any other indicator, the US dollar index has its pros and cons:AdvantagesExtensive use of the index. The index is calculated around the clock.Availability of futures and options on the index. Index futures can act as a leading indicator of the movement of currency pairs. For example, if a bearish candle appears on his chart, it may mean that a surge will occur on the currency charts.Allows you to analyze the value of the dollar with more objectivity than the dynamics of a single currency pair.DisadvantagesA small number of currencies in the index, as well as a large proportion of the euro, which, when it fluctuates, leads to significant distortions and inadequate index values.It has stable power coefficients that do not correspond to the current modern structure of the US foreign trade turnover. The weights were last changed in 1999 after the introduction of the euro and have remained unchanged since then. However, much has changed in trade relations with the United States. For example, China, South Korea and Mexico have become key trading partners of the United States. The diagram below shows the structure of US foreign trade turnover in 2021:For a more adequate reflection of the US trade balance with other countries, the Fed calculates the Trade-weighted Dollar Index (TWDI). The basket of this index includes 26 currencies. Currency weights are recalculated annually. However, despite such a large number of currencies compared to the DXY index, the dynamics of the indices are almost the same due to the fact that the euro also has a lot of weight in TWDI.ConclusionThe US dollar index is a synthetic instrument reflecting the current dynamics of the price of the US currency. The index shows the strength or weakness of the US dollar more objectively than in relation to any one currency. This tool is used in their work by traders, investors, stock analysts. It gives a correct assessment of currency market trends and all assets in dollars. The global economic situation largely depends on the state of the American economy. The strength of the dollar can be considered as a temperature indicator not only of the US economy, but also of the global economy.The dynamics of the index indicates certain trends in the economy, but it is impossible to assess the current situation and trend by only one indicator. Moreover, the specificity of the index lies in the fact that the dynamics may indicate completely opposite trends – the dollar index shows its growth both during economic growth and during recessions. Therefore, the index can act as one of the tools in the investor's arsenal, but it is always necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of a number of macroeconomic indicators. 
One of the most popular methods of analyzing stock instruments is graphical technical analysis. Technical analysis is one of the main methods of analyzing and forecasting future asset prices.In this article we will consider the basic aspects of technical analysis: what it is, how it differs from fundamental analysis, the main tools and examples of their practical application.Technical and fundamental analysisTechnical analysis is a set of methods that allow you to analyze the chart and make a decision on buying/selling a particular instrument in the securities markets. Or, more simply, these are various ways of analyzing quotation charts in order to predict future price behavior.If fundamental analysis answers the question "which stocks or currency pair to buy?", then technical analysis shows at what point in time to buy.The fundamentalist is trying to understand the reason for the market movement, and the "tech guy" is interested in the very fact of this movement. All that a technician needs to know is that such market dynamics simply exist, and what exactly caused such a movement is not particularly important.The task of fundamental analysis is to help an investor buy a stake in a quality business. The task of technical analysis is to help the investor enter into a transaction at the best price. Or, in other words, to determine the optimal entry point.Trade directionsLong. When an investor waits for the growth of the paper, he buys them. In professional language, "longs", trades "long", long stocks / futures / etc., a long position, i.e. earns on the growth of value. In a simple way, bought cheaper, sold more expensive.Short. If a trader is waiting for the price to decrease, he sells them, in professional language "shorts", trades short, short position. Earns money by reducing the cost of the instrument.How can you sell something that was not in the portfolio?You borrow securities from a broker and sell them at the current high price. Then, when they become cheaper, the securities are bought back and given to the broker, and the difference between the "high" and "low" price is yours.Features of shorts. The broker lends the securities at a percentage. That is, if you pay only the commission for the transaction in the long, then in the short you also pay% for the debt. This should be borne in mind when calculating the profitability of the strategy and when entering a deal. The amount of the percentage must be specified with the broker. Usually, during intraday trading (when you short during the day and close the deal during the day), % is not taken, it is taken to transfer the position through the night.We wrote in detail about the technology of opening short positions in our article "How to short stocks".Graphic trendsAll technical analysis is price forecasting based on the history of the price movement itself. The market can have only two states: trend and flat (horizontal, sideways).Chart analysis always begins with determining the trend on the instrument. The trend is drawn on the older time frames so that there is an understanding of the global trend – in which direction it is necessary to look for inputs.The trend in a growing market is a consistent increase in the highs and lows on the chart.The trend in a falling market is a consistent decrease in the highs and lows on the chart.Trend rules. The trend will continue its movement rather than change direction. The task of the investor/trader is to trade according to the trend and join it at a comfortable entry point.A trend breakdown most often means a possible reversal or consolidation in the market. If the trend is strong, then we see on the chart that each previous pullback is higher (lower) than the previous one.Rules for building graphical modelsOn the uptrend chart, the trend is based on the minimums of candles/bars.On a downtrend, we build the trend on the highs of candles/ bars. For example, the global bearish trend since 2013 on the weekly chartHow to work on trends. The investor expects an entry on the test (touch) of the price of the trend line, that is, when the price has reached the line as much as possible and has strayed, it is possible to enter the transaction.Support and resistance levelsThe price chart always moves in waves. On the bases and peaks of the waves, we can see the levels at which the price turned around, or continued its movement after a long sideways movement.The support level is the border where the price turns up. It does not allow the price to fall lower.The resistance level is the boundary where the price turns down. It does not allow the price to go higher.Read more: The basis of trading: Support and Resistance levelsLevel RulesThe support line can become a resistance line and vice versa.The more often the price hits the level, the stronger it is.It's always a range, not a clear line.Mirror level.One of the strongest levels is considered to be the mirror level.Mirror levelIt can be seen on various instruments and time intervals.How to trade by levels:A risky option is to enter the breakdown level (marked with a blue arrow).Moderate - entering a position after the level test (marked with a red arrow).Stop loss - is set for the level / the nearest minimum / the mathematical risk/profit ratio is calculated.Price channelsA price channel is a limited trading range in which the price moves for a certain time. The boundaries of the trading channel are limited by two lines: support and resistance.Read more: What is Technical Analysis and why does an investor need itLike levels, price channels can be ascending, descending, and sideways depending on the phase in the market.How to build a price channel on a chart?For an ascending trading channel, it is necessary to determine the beginning of a trend movement and draw a trend line (the main channel line) along the first two lowest minimums (reference points). Then, parallel to it, project another trend line to the upper point located between them.How to trade?Most often, trading is conducted inside the channel: when testing the channel boundary – the entrance, the target is the opposite channel boundary, the stop loss is placed outside the channel boundary based on the risk guidelines of each individual trader.ConclusionTrading on the stock market is based on the same principles for everyone. But everyone's trading strategies are different - simply because investors' goals and risk profiles are different. The investor selects the most suitable strategy for him and by the level of risk, and by time frames, and by the system.The combination of fundamental and technical analysis in trading gives an excellent result. Complementary methods allow the investor to justify the transaction based on fundamental indicators, and the use of knowledge and technical analysis tools allows you to enter into a transaction on an optimal risk/profit combination.Read more: Technical analysis on the forex market 
Many investors are familiar with the negative attitude of people towards investments. It is especially difficult for beginners – their relatives and friends begin to dissuade and tell scary stories of those who were deceived and lost all their savings on investments. Stories also periodically appear in the media about how an employee of some broker or bank ran away with clients' money, how the promised mountains of gold turned into black holes of capital losses.Is everything really so scary in the investment market, who is to blame for all this and how to protect yourself from fraud on the stock exchange?Who is a brokerA broker is a professional bidder. He is an intermediary between the exchange and the investor. Not all bidders can trade directly on the exchange, there are certain restrictions for this. Organizations that do not have direct access to trading on the exchange, as well as individual investors, can only trade on the exchange through an intermediary broker. The broker registers the client on the exchange, organizes the client's technical access to trading, withholds taxes in accordance with the legislation. For its activities, the broker charges clients a commission, which depends on the chosen tariff and the operations that the investor performs on his account. A bank or an investment company with a special license can act as a broker.Thus, in his investment activity, the investor contacts directly with the broker. Therefore, choosing a broker is very important. The client's capabilities also depend on the broker: available exchanges and a set of tools, the threshold amount of investment, costs and quality of service. Well, if something goes wrong, it is logical to assume that who is to blame? - broker!Broker's deception or investor's mistake?So how can a broker cheat? Next, let's look at the main traps that an investor can fall into and which can cause the loss of a significant part or even all of the funds. We will immediately warn you that there will be no loud revelations. Not all the troubles and losses in investments are deception of the broker. An investor can sometimes make mistakes himself, be led by fabulous promises, make rash decisions."He who is warned is armed" - it is important for an investor to know about all the nuances, since mistakes in investing can cost too much.Forex brokersMost often, well-known fraud schemes are associated with the Forex market. In general, Forex is an over-the-counter interbank foreign exchange market. That is, in principle, individuals cannot be participants in this market. However, there are a huge number of offers on the Internet to make money on Forex / Forex / FX, and so on. At the same time, such earnings are positioned as investments, trading, and organizers as brokers. However, such activities have nothing to do with investments. This is the market of derivative financial instruments - essentially a casino where bets are placed on changes in the exchange rate of a currency pair. And in the casino, as you know, the casino wins. No one brings these individuals to any foreign exchange market, and we are not talking about real currency trading. And, despite the fact that an article about Forex dealers appeared in the law "On the Securities Market" (they are dealers, not brokers), and the Regulator even issued licenses to several Forex dealers, this market has not become safe. The number of scammers is large, and the number of people who want to get rich here and now is no less. Clients are offered training. You can start trading with small amounts that allow you to win first. Appetites are growing, and so is leverage. Unlike a deposit and traditional investments in the stock market, such games really usually end with a loss of funds. If the client still wins, there may be problems with the withdrawal of funds, under various pretexts: for example, to additionally replenish the account to withdraw income, or to wait for some time. And they can withdraw funds in an unknown direction with the help of frankly fraudulent actions. The fantasies of scammers are limitless.Thus, real brokers have nothing to do with it, and forex games have nothing to do with real investments.Read more: Forex broker: how to choose a good brokerScam brokersThe securities market has its own schemes of deception, but they are all based on the same desire of the client to get rich quickly and easily, which scammers use with might and main. Customers are persistently lured by tens and hundreds of percent of profits, "super promotions", bonuses, cashbacks, exceptional offers, put pressure on the need to make decisions quickly, without giving time to think. An experienced investor will not be led to such offers, and an inexperienced one will be offered a consultant or mentor who will accompany his transactions. While the deposit is small, customers make a profit, and are more willing to invest more money. The "broker" is very attentive and usually aware of the financial situation of his client. Further, the options for the development of events may be different, depending on the credulity of the client and the imagination of scammers. For example, a consultant may inform you that a great deal is planned, offer to make a bigger deposit in order to break a big jackpot. And if the client no longer has his own money, he will offer a loan. Trusting clients allow the broker's employees to make transactions on their behalf without instructions from the client himself, issue a power of attorney to perform transactions on the brokerage account, provide access to the account (login, password). This is how deceived investors appear, whose assets are "merged" by a broker, or disappeared together with a personal manager. In this case, yes, the broker is a fraud, the only question is, was there a broker (a real, licensed bidder), and who and why gave him a power of attorney, provided direct access to the account?Each broker may well have its own trading platform, and this is normal. However, not all platforms are certified. Fraudulent brokers can install special programs on them that ensure price slippage, delay execution of orders, limit the client's profitability when trading derivatives, fake price charts, and other tricks that are not always noticeable to the client, but are very reflected in the state of his account. These schemes relate more to trading, rather than long-term investment, but you need to know about them in order to understand how important it is to choose the right broker.Chargeback - challenging the transaction. When the client realized that he was deceived, he can try to return the money from the false broker by contacting his bank. This complicated procedure exists, but no one will give guarantees, and it will most likely not work to return the money. The recipient and the broker may be completely different persons, the recipient may have disappeared altogether, or the client transferred money to an individual on the card, or the client does not have enough documentary evidence, and the bank is not eager to bother, some employees may not even know about the possibility of such a procedure. However, there are companies that offer money-back services from "black" brokers. If they promise a 100% guarantee and require prepayment, it is likely that the client will fall for the bait of scammers a second time.Read more: Stock market Broker: how to choose it and how to work with itClone sitesClone sites that completely duplicate the interface of the original site. The difference may be in just one sign in the address bar. The site may contain all the necessary information and documentation - information about the organization and license, only fake. Such sites belong to scammers, and the money transferred using such sites, the details specified there, will go to the scammers, and not to the client's brokerage account.Overnight on the broker accountOvernight is a loan of securities that the broker, with the consent of the client, takes from his brokerage account for his short-term transactions between trading sessions at night or on weekends and undertakes to return before the start of the trading session. Remuneration is paid to the client for overnight transactions. At the same time, the client himself allows the broker to perform such operations with his securities, sometimes without even suspecting it. This item can be included by default in the brokerage agreement. Of course, this cannot be called fraud, unless this clause of the contract is deliberately hidden from the client. But this is an additional risk for the investor. After all, in the event of a sharp jump in the prices of borrowed assets, a situation may arise when the broker will not be able to redeem and return the securities to the client. And as you know, assets on brokerage accounts are not insured. Therefore, in this case, it is up to the client to decide whether to allow the broker to make overnight transactions.Increased broker feesBrokers charge clients a commission for their services, as well as for the services of the depository. The commission amount differs from broker to broker and depends on the selected tariff. The rates may differ significantly from each other and are targeted at different categories of customers. Someone performs ten operations per quarter or per year, and someone per hour. Someone needs access to foreign exchanges, someone does not. Someone is just starting his way as an investor and forms capital with small amounts, while someone is already operating with very significant amounts. The broker can also provide a personal consultant, trader or additional analytics. Obviously, the rates for different customers will differ. Imagine that a client with a small capital chose the tariff with the lowest transaction fee, but at the same time did not pay attention to the presence of a subscription fee on such a tariff. As a result, even if there are no transactions on the brokerage account, it will incur exorbitant maintenance costs. Or an active trader client will choose a tariff without a subscription fee, but with a commission for transactions, as for investors who make few transactions. Its maintenance costs will also be overstated.Read more: What is OvernightTwin tickersThere are companies with similar tickers on the stock exchange and there are cases when investors, either afraid of missing the moment and falling behind the trend, or simply out of ignorance or inattention, bought shares of another little-known company with a similar ticker instead of the shares of the desired company, accelerating the value of the latter to an incredible size. On the one hand, the situation is curious, but it can also become seriously unpleasant, depending on the size of the transaction and the consequences. Here are some examples:APLE and AAPL: real estate investment fund REIT (Apple Hospitality Reit) and the well-known "apple" (APPLE). As a result of confusion, you can become the owner of such different assets:ZOOM and ZM: In April 2020, investors mixed up the tickers and instead of shares of ZOOM VIDEO COMMUNICATIONS (ZM - developer of video conferencing service) bought shares of ZOOM TECHNOLOGIES (ZOOM is a supplier of wireless communication equipment, currently ticker ZTNO), as a result of which the price of the latter soared by almost 800%, but not for long.TLSA and TSLA: These twin tickers also represent very different companies. The well-known technology giant TESLA and the company from the biotechnology industry Tiziana Life Sciences.In this case, of course, there is no deception, this is the mistake of the investor himself. Such a mistake can end up being expensive. Therefore, when applying for the purchase of an asset, the investor should be very careful.Read more: Practical advices on choosing a Forex broker for a beginnerMargin tradingMargin transactions are transactions with leverage, on borrowed funds provided by the broker. If successful, such transactions can bring multiple profits. However, you need to understand that if an investor makes a mistake in his calculations and strategy, then losses can reset the investor's capital. Therefore, before entering into such transactions, you should evaluate your capabilities, strategy and risks well. As Warren Buffett said, "If you combine ignorance and credit, you will get very interesting results," and it is unlikely that he meant fabulous profits. If the possibility of margin lending is not disabled in the settings of the trading program, the investor may accidentally open such a deal without even knowing about it. And this, too, is no longer a broker's fraud, but an investor's own mistake. The broker offers opportunities, and it's up to the client to decide whether to take advantage of such opportunities or not.Trading robotsTechnology is our everything. The robot is an automated trading program that connects to the interface of the broker's application or terminal and, according to a given algorithm, opens and closes transactions on the exchange, also analyzing the price movement of the instrument in accordance with the settings. Robots are more relevant for traders, not long-term investors. A trading robot is significantly faster than a human. Some robots can make up to 1000 trades per second. There is no fundamental analysis, emotions – only indicators, signals and an algorithm. The robot can trade 24/7 and monitor several instruments at the same time. This can greatly facilitate the trader's work, as well as his capital. Is the speed of trading and the number of applications so important?A trading robot can, of course, be used if a trader understands how it works, what settings and algorithms it has, regularly checks and adjusts it to the market. If not, then one day the algorithm can drain all the capital at its tremendous speed. Besides, if someone has created a robot that can make the owner rich in a short time, why would the developer sell it? After all, the more users of the robot, the less they earn. And which of the developers of trading robots is listed in the FORBES lists? And even if the developer really sold the robot with a profitable strategy that worked well in a certain market situation, the robot may not be adapted to another situation.Deciding whether or not to use a robot is also the prerogative of the investor himself, and if something goes wrong, there will be no one to blame.Read more: What are stock trading robots and how do they operateStock market manipulationManipulations on the stock market can be carried out with both stocks, derivatives, and cryptocurrencies. Individual market participants are accelerating asset quotes to sell them at the peak. Advertising, mailing lists, groups-communities of investors in social networks, including paid, fake news, insider information are in use. The object of manipulation is more often low-liquid assets of small capitalization, companies of the "last echelons" (2.3 levels of listing or unlisted list). There is usually little information on the financial condition of such companies. In the absence of market makers and regulators, lack of information, and given the low liquidity and value of the asset, it does not take a lot of money to pump up the price. Manipulation schemes are often based on trading features and traders' strategies. As a result, manipulators earn money, and those who chased the hype and the crowd suffer losses. Manipulation is really fraud, for which a large fine or a real term can be threatened in America. Manipulations also happen in every country, mainly with third-tier stocks. They often end with a warning and a fine, however, in the case of a particularly large size or an organized group, criminal liability and imprisonment may also occur. Brokers, their employees, and other market participants may be involved in manipulations.How can an investor protect himself from fraud and mistakes1. Careful selection of a broker.The broker must have a brokerage license. It must be posted on the broker's website. You can check the license on the regulator's website. There are many other useful lists and registries on the same site: forex dealers, exchanges, trading systems, depositories, securities issuers and others:2. Really evaluate advertising promises and offers.Investing is always a risk. And the greater the expected profit, the higher the risk. No need to believe fabulous promises to get rich quickly, not troublesome, with a 100% guarantee. There are no guarantees in investments. Aggressive promising advertising, intrusive calls and "burning" super-offers should be treated with caution.3. Do not follow links from advertising offers in social networks and messengers.Perhaps the link will lead to a fraudulent site. It would not be superfluous to check whether the connection on the site is protected: the image of the lock at the beginning of the address bar.4. If you fall for the bait of scammers, you can contact the competent authorities about fraud, and your bank about the possibility of a chargeback. The probability of a refund is low, but there is a chance, and a considerable one, to fall into the trap of scammers for the second time, trying to carry out a chargeback with the help of intermediaries (perhaps the same ones who cheated the first time, but have already "retrained").5. Select the tariff deliberately in accordance with your portfolio and strategy.6. Disable overnight in the broker's application settings, for greater reliability, especially in a volatile crisis market.7. Disable the ability to make margin trades if the investor does not have sufficient knowledge and experience for margin trading. Everything can also be done in the broker's application or in the investor's personal account on the website.8. Carefully weigh whether it is worth using robot programs for trading and auto-research for investment. It may be much more effective for an investor to be trained to understand how to build and manage their investment portfolio. It is worth recalling Warren Buffett's quote again: "The risk comes from not knowing what you are doing."9. Carefully evaluate the asset before buying. What is the idea in this asset, what is its value and source of profit, does it correspond to the investor's strategy, is the price for the offered value adequate? Fundamental analysis will avoid manipulating asset prices and buying a dummy at a fabulous price. Also, preference should be given to highly liquid assets with large capitalization, which are difficult and expensive to manipulate.10. Invest in long-term debt. Traders are more susceptible to fraudulent manipulations, as they trade on news and price fluctuations. Technical analysis, signals, indicators, and often margin lending are the main tools of traders. And this is always a much greater risk than a reasonable investment in long-term investments based on fundamental analysis and diversification.11. Be a reasonable and cautious investor. Listen to official sources of information and make important decisions on your own, relying on your own knowledge, calculations and analysis. Do not follow other people's advice without passing them through the prism of your strategy. Do not give in to panic and hype. Do not forget that where there is money and the desire of people to get rich, there will definitely be scammers. Well, the most elementary thing: do not tell anyone your usernames / passwords. Law enforcement agencies and mass media regularly warn about possible fraudulent actions.Read more: What is Slippage in trading?ConclusionYou should not be afraid of cheating a broker if he meets the selection criteria: he has a license, a large number of active clients, large trading turnover, a certified trading platform, a convenient application, a tariff policy and a set of tools suitable for the investor, access to the trading platforms necessary for the investor, good customer service. You should be more afraid of your own rash actions, unjustified risk, lack of knowledge.As W. Buffett said, "The most important investment you can make is to invest in yourself." This is the safest investment and the most profitable. It is knowledge that will allow you to protect yourself from fraudsters and your own mistakes and self-deception.Learning is not scary, not difficult and cheaper than losing capital on scammers and your own mistakes. You can start with free information, which in our age of information technology has become more accessible to everyone than ever. However, it is worth filtering the information and checking its sources. You should trust only those who have achieved success themselves, invest their own funds, and were able to save and increase capital not only during periods when everything is growing in the market, but also during periods of corrections and crises. .png)
In 2022, there is a lot of talk about the crisis and recession. Everyone feels that something is wrong in the economy - the costs of habitual purchases have increased and, perhaps, what they have been saving for for a long time has become significantly more expensive. In addition, many economically active people are also private investors. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of investors occurred in the last 2 years, when deposit rates were not pleasing, and investments in the stock market showed impressive results. After the growth of stock markets in the post-crisis period, 2022 has become a real test for investors. First of all, for beginners who have just joined the ranks of investors. Pros could also face certain emotional difficulties.The stock market and the quotations of individual stocks can not only rise, but also fall. This is an axiom. Sometimes the drop can amount to tens or even hundreds of percent. Often investors do not understand what to do when quotes and the amount on the account "melts before our eyes". In this article, we, as practitioners whose investment portfolio has gone through a lot since 2015, but at the same time has shown and is showing decent results, will share our experience. We will tell you what is worth and what is not worth doing during the fall of the markets. Perhaps for someone these tips and recommendations will become a soothing pill when the first panic attacks appear.Calm, only calm!It is important to maintain psychological calm in a crisis, and it is doubly important for an investor – this will help avoid impulsive actions in the market, which you may regret later. There are a few simple rules that a reasonable investor should definitely not doDo not cook in the flow of negative newsIn the modern world, for most of us, the main source of news is the Internet. One has only to click on the title on a certain topic once, the search engine will immediately helpfully fill up the feed with such news. The most "clickable" news is negative, so it is not surprising that the reader of the news feed turns out to be an unwitting prisoner of the flow of negative information. The same principle works for the media – of all the events, journalists are more likely to talk about tragic ones or thicken the colors by placing the right accents. What can we say about the Internet or the philistine media, if even professional publications "sin" like this? You can even conduct an experiment by entering the query "crisis", "recession", "market collapse" and so on in the search engine. It turns out that everything will happen literally tomorrow, and you are not ready yet.It is important to understand that the objective picture of the world is often different from the one that is formed from the news. In addition, there are always more negative messages in a crisis, periods of falling markets, and due to the peculiarities of modern media, they usually fill the news feed. Do not read the news too often - it can cause constant background stress. Therefore, one of the important psychological qualities of an investor is to be able to emotionally distance himself from bad news and remain calm. It is a calm and balanced state that will help you not lose your way and follow the chosen investment strategy.Of course, it is impossible not to be interested in what is happening at all. Moreover, in the modern information world, important information obtained from reliable sources can help you make the right decision in time. Therefore, it is important to set up your sources of information in such a way as to weed out the unnecessary and not miss a really important event in the stream of momentary sensations.Do not look every hour at the changes in quotations, remember about long-term investmentOf course, an evergreen portfolio is fine. However, stocks cannot always show growth – their peculiarity is that they never grow in a straight line, although in the long term the market is always growing. The investor should be prepared for the fact that some stocks in the portfolio are growing, some are falling. In a crisis, all stocks can fall. But the stock market, like the economy, is cyclical: a crisis always gives way to a boom, and a period of growth is followed by a recession. If we choose fundamentally reliable assets in the portfolio and are confident in our choice, the momentary market conditions cannot plunge us into panic.If we look at the dynamics of the market over the past 30 years, we will see that there have been both corrections and collapses in history. The reasons and the depth of the fall were different, but what was the same was that any market decline ends, and recovery follows.Read more: Recession in the US in 2022Don't be afraid and don't panicThe stock market and the economy as a whole are developing cyclically. Periods of boom and recession have followed each other throughout the history of mankind. Of course, a lot of things collapse in a crisis, and even stable, well-developing companies may experience difficulties. However, you should not succumb to the influence of the crowd and panic, even if everyone around is just talking about the crisis. You will say it is very difficult. Indeed, it is not easy to resist when, for example, all stocks fall by 20 or 30 percent. The only thing that can be contrasted with emotions is reason. When a person reasons logically, emotions recede into the background.The Council. It is important to maintain the ability to reasonably assess what is happening. Knowledge of the basics of investing and financial literacy and the ability to apply them in practice will help to preserve the accumulated capital.Be critical of investment adviceWhat is most interesting, both experts and people who are far from investing can give advice. A separate category in the advice section is bloggers' advice. Currently, bloggers write and shoot videos about everything that subscribers read and watch, not counting explicit advertising. Investments are popular. Please, there are plenty of gurus on the Internet who give out content about investments every day. There are two main trends in the information flow of bloggers, which are better treated critically, especially in a crisis:1. It is profitable to invest - not for an ordinary person.Bloggers often write that only large investors can make good money on insiders and gray schemes at the expense of inexperienced "hamsters". What is the interest of such an author, it is clear – articles and videos with revelations always collect more views. And a novice investor wants to avoid mistakes. Someone has already burned themselves on financial pyramids and similar scams and is starting to look for what the catch might be in investing. Especially a lot of such "sensational" materials appear in times of crisis – everyone is worried about the future, and in a crisis it is as vague as ever. Therefore, bloggers write about conspiracy theories, subscribers are disappointed in the possibilities of the stock market, merge existing assets at any price and leave the market.The Council. If you sometimes find yourself reading another revealing article about conspiracy theories in the stock market, it is better to devote this time to learning the basics of investing. This is the only reasonable way out – it is fundamental knowledge that provides a solid foundation and helps to gain confidence in their actions. It is important to choose professional training in the basics of the stock market, investments and financial literacy, because there are also a lot of training offers.Read more: How to participate in an IPO2. The second topic frequently encountered by bloggers is tips on which securities to invest in.Such materials also collect a lot of views. Consulting an independent financial analyst is expensive, and bloggers give out advice for free – and the investor shifts responsibility for the final decision from his shoulders to the blogger. This is a common psychological trap of a novice investor: to look for someone who will confidently recommend what you can invest in profitably. Of course, bloggers argue their choice one way or another, without this, the recommendations would be completely unconvincing. In addition, it cannot be said that advice on the Internet is useless – perhaps there is a rational grain in them. But in order to separate really professional advice from populist statements for the sake of views and likes, it is necessary at least to understand the basics of investing. Today it is available to everyone. Moreover, investment literacy is currently a vital skill, as relevant as the ability to drive a car, for example. It is necessary to be clearly aware that only we ourselves are responsible for our investment decisions. The blogger got the right number of views – and has already earned. It does not matter to him whether those who used the voiced investment will eventually earn.The Council. It is necessary to develop at least a basic level of expertise in investments in order to be able to adequately perceive information flows from different sources. And of course, to minimize the flow of unprofessional information is not to read or watch bloggers who give out daily content for the spite of the day for the sake of views and likes.What not to do when markets fallAbove, we tried to understand what behavior in everyday life is best avoided by an investor in order to maintain calm and the ability to rationally treat a crisis situation. However, even if the above recommendations are followed, it is worth remembering that in no case should you do on the stock market in a crisis.Read more: How to make money in crisisDo not sell shares on emotionsWhen everything is falling, it may seem like a reasonable decision to save at least something and sell the shares right now. Objectively, this may mean fixing losses. Any investment decision should be balanced, and in a crisis – doubly so. It is important to conduct a fundamental analysis of the portfolio once again. If the company retains its potential and continues to develop even in a crisis, do not sell, but, if possible, average the position.Do not violate the rules of diversificationIn a crisis, even fundamentally attractive stocks can be very cheap. Investors are tempted to buy the paper they like for a large share in the portfolio. However, no one guarantees that the selected stock will recover or even increase in price, that the company will successfully cope with the crisis. In a period of uncertainty and high risks, it is more important than ever to diversify investments as much as possible so that the possible fall of one asset does not drag down the entire portfolio.We are talking more about stocks now - they attract everyone's attention in times of crisis. Of course, a balanced portfolio should also include bonds and, possibly, other financial instruments. You can read more about the diversification of the investment portfolio here.The same principle also applies to property as a whole: it is in a crisis that the temptation is great to shift capital into shares in the hope of profitably acquiring cheaper assets.Do not bring "last money" to the marketAll crises end sooner or later. However, this may not happen tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. In no case should you invest money in stocks that you may need in the near future, even if the price seems very attractive. Recovery after the crisis may take several years, and during this time the invested funds will be "frozen".Read more: Diversification of the investment portfolio: definition & methods of implementationDo not buy assets without fundamental analysisAs much as an inexperienced beginner wants to sell everything on a wave of panic, so much more sophisticated investor in a crisis wants to buy as many shares as possible at an attractive price. This is another extreme that can trap investors during a crisis. Of course, it is worth taking advantage of the opportunity to profitably acquire good assets, however, first of all it is necessary to adhere to the principles of reasonable investment. In times of crisis, fundamental analysis will help to protect against buying unreliable assets. It is important to analyze and understand whether the selected company will be able to survive the crisis, and only after that plan to buy shares.Do not expect that the market will grow tomorrowUncertainty at the moment is characteristic of the stock market as a whole – you can never predict for sure the further movement of quotations. In a crisis, the volatility of securities is even more unpredictable: when it seems that the bottom has been reached, the fall in stocks may continue (remember the well-known investor saying "To buy at the bottom - the second bottom as a gift"). Conversely, when an investor expects a further decline in prices, a market reversal may occur.Do not use margin dealsIn times of crisis, investors are tempted to bet on rapid growth or vice versa, on the continuation of the fall in quotations, and conduct transactions with leverage for a significant amount for the portfolio:borrow shares from a broker and sell them now (a "short" transaction) in the expectation that the price of the paper will fall further, and it will be possible to purchase it at a lower price and return it to the broker;borrow money from a broker and buy shares now (long or long position long sale) in the expectation that the price of the paper will rise, and it will be possible to get a positive difference after its sale.Leverage multiplies the result of the transaction - the investor can significantly increase profits or losses compared to the result that he could get from the transaction at his own expense. Of course, borrowed funds are provided by the broker at a certain percentage. Transactions with leverage are risky, they must be treated with the utmost care. Especially in a crisis, margin transactions can be a "disservice" to the investor. If the trend is guessed incorrectly, a large volume of margin transactions can lead to a margin call, that is, to the forced sale of assets by the broker to repay the debt on margin lending. The sale will be carried out at the market price at the time of sale, which may be unprofitable for the investor. Therefore, it is absolutely not necessary to use margin transactions in a crisis in the expectation that the market will grow or fall in the near future.Read more: Leverage on the stock marketConclusionIn this article, we have considered a few simple recommendations that will allow an investor to save capital in a crisis.To maintain emotional calm, you need:Do not cook in the flow of negative news.Do not look at the price changes every hour, remember about long-term investment.Be critical of investment advice.Don't be afraid and don't panic.There are also several principles of reasonable investment, which are especially relevant in a crisis:Do not sell shares on emotions.Do not violate the rules of diversification.Don't bring all the money to the market.Do not buy assets without fundamental analysis.Do not expect that the market will grow tomorrow.You can learn to be calm in a crisis situation, you can take financial literacy training and gain a certain level of expertise in investments. However, the stock market in a crisis is fraught with some temptations that can even encourage a relatively experienced investor to violate the basic principles of reasonable investment. Therefore, in order to preserve capital in turbulent times, it is necessary to strictly observe the principles given in the article. Only by understanding how to prevent the loss of existing wealth, you can move on to the next step – to increase capital.Read more: Basic knowledge of fundamental analysisAs you know, in a crisis, many assets are very cheap. Therefore, the famous phrase of Winston Churchill is the best fit for reasonable investors: "Never let a good crisis go to waste." However, the choice of reliable assets is a separate topic to which more than one article can be devoted. You can read a lot of articles or blogs about reasonable approaches in choosing reliable and promising securities, and it's better to see and hear.