Scalping or scalping is a strategy that makes many demands on traders. Perhaps the most serious of them is to accept that everything you think you know about Forex trading will be wrong in this context.Forget about it. Scalping is an opportunity to quickly make money on price changes when transactions last 5-10 minutes.Avoid "political" currenciesDo you want to make money by trading a large amount of money in anticipation of some serious movement? No, scalping is earning money on small price movements. And, what is even more likely in relation to the Forex market, it is worth forgetting about searching for highly volatile pairs in the hope of getting a big profit. George Soros managed to do this in 1992, and you can try to repeat it on a smaller scale, but this will be an example of ordinary trading, not scalping.Successful scalping is based on the use of relatively insignificant price movements. And it depends on a good and thorough analysis of the relevant currencies.First, which currency pairs to choose for scalpingHighly "political" or inflation-prone currencies are not suitable in this context, because they are likely to be very volatile, and high volatility should be avoided.Read more: Volatility: types, how to track and how to useLanguage barriersIt is much better to find a currency pair that is relatively stable, so that its movement can be analyzed and predicted.The obvious candidate would be the EUR/USD exchange rate. This is the most popular currency pair in the world, for which the most transactions are made, and it has many functions that we need.But it has drawbacks.First, it may seem at first glance that these two currencies are, by and large, equivalent. Both are equally popular, issued by developed democratic states, controlled by independent central banks, but in fact they are not comparable.Read more: Causes of inflation and scientific approaches to their studyThe dollar is the currency of a successful political union, it is supported by the federal government and the national treasury, and the central bank, the Federal Reserve System, enjoys broad public support. The euro, the currency of 19 national states, is not supported by the federal government, is prone to crises, as can be seen from what happened to Greece after the 2008 financial crisis, and its management is often criticized.The second drawback is the complexity of the analysis of the European Central Bank, unlike the Fed. There are many, many variables; the position of individual members of the board of directors, the demands of the" southern", poorer countries, the position of the European Commission, which is responsible for economic affairs, and the wishes of Germany, a powerful economy of the European Union.This is compounded by various language barriers that need to be overcome when studying the statements of those who determine the behavior of the ECB.Finally, the ECB is much more autonomous than the Fed.Perhaps the USD/JPY pair may be a more suitable option? The Japanese currency, like the dollar, is the currency of a single state, and the two economies conduct extensive trade with each other. But the language barrier is even more pronounced, and the Bank of Japan is not independent, which means that it is potentially open to political interference.Read more: The European Central Bank (ECB)Communication across the AtlanticThe best candidate for scalping may be USD/GBP. The Fed and the Bank of England are independent but accountable central banks, there is no language barrier, and the legal systems of the two countries are very close.The recent dynamics of the pound against the dollar was quite high, which gives scalpers the opportunity for significant profits. The reasons for this movement include the signing of a trade agreement with the European Union and hopes for the recovery of the UK economy.To predict strong movements in the short term, traders need a thorough and constant analysis of the factors that affect the movement of currencies: economic expectations, fiscal policy and, of course, interest rates. Scalpers will be helped by the fact that both countries have the same attitude to economic management, giving priority to a strong private sector, competitive tax rates and high growth rates.Plus, the US and the UK have a long history of bilateral inter-Atlantic trade.Transactions with GBP/USD may lack the attractiveness of exotic currency pairs, but scalping is not an adventure in the Forex market, but a way to make a profit.Read more: Rich history of the Bank of ...
GBP/USD is trading in a narrow price range near 1.2375 on Tuesday. The volatility of currency pairs on the market is low, as the Fed and Bank of England meetings will be held this week.Investors do not expect the Fed to change the interest rate while the Bank of England may conduct an act of monetary restriction by 25 basis points and raise the rate to 5.5%, completing the cycle of tightening financial conditions. Prior to the publication of the results of the regulator's meeting in the UK, the inflation report will be released. The indicator is expected to rise by 0.7% (m/m) or from 6.8% to 7.1% (y/y) in August. At the same time, core inflation may slow from 6.9% to 6.8%. According to a recent survey, 40% of the population believe the Bank of England's policy of a sharp rate hike is wrong. This is the lowest amount of doubts about the regulator's actions since 1999.Tomorrow, the UK will release its retail price index. The index is expected to grow by 0.9%.Technical analysis for GBP/USDThe Bollinger indicator on the Daily remains in a steady decline, as does the MACD indicator, which maintains a strong sell signal. The Stochastic oscillator is flat in the area of minimum values.If the pair consolidates below the level of 1.2369, we continue to form short positions in the direction of 1.2240. Stop-loss is set at 1.2440.The transition to buying is possible only in case of price consolidation above the level of 1.2450. The nearest target for buyers will be 1.2550. Stop-loss is set at ...
Today's block of British releases failed to support sterling. GBP/USD broke the support at 1.2500 on the decline and is heading towards 1.2450.The GDP report showed a 0.5% decline in July, which is worse than expected (-0.2%). On a year-on-year basis, a drop from 0.9% to 0.0% was recorded. The statistics showed an increase in the risk of recession in the UK economy. Prior to that, the data on industrial production gave alarming signals.The dollar index on the eve of the US inflation report is consolidating near 104.50. The outlook for the Fed's monetary policy depends on today's release, although there is a 93% chance that the rate will be left unchanged at the September meeting. Nevertheless, with inflation accelerating, the regulator may continue to tighten financial conditions and conduct an act of monetary restriction in November.GBP/USD Technical AnalysisAccording to the daily chart, GBP/USD maintains a downtrend, declining roughly in the middle of the sloping channel. Alligator indicator is properly opened downwards, awesome oscillator is in the negative area.After a confident breakdown of 1.2420 level, we return to short positions with take profit at 1.2220. Placement of stop loss at 1.2500.To enter into purchases the pair needs to consolidate above 1.2560. The nearest target mark is 1.2710. Stop-loss is set at ...
GBP/USD Technical Analysis on September 6, 2023In the Asian session on Wednesday, GBP/USD was trading just above 1.2500, but with the arrival of European traders, it is gradually returning to the "bearish" dynamics.At the same time, the published statistics of the UK could support the national currency. The UK services Business activity index, the most important economic indicator, rose from 48.7 to 49.5 p in August, and the composite index from 47.9 to 48.6 pp. Retail sales also increased from 1.8% to 4.3% in August.It is noteworthy that statistics show some improvement in the economy with a very tight monetary policy of the regulator. Despite the fact that inflation fell from 11.1% in October to 6.8%, it is still far from the 2% target, which will force the Bank of England to continue monetary restriction.In the USA, a 2.1% decrease in the volume of production orders was recorded the day before. Nevertheless, the overall economic situation in the United States is much better than the European one, and even more so, the British one. The dollar index remains the leader among other forex currency indices, and the risks of recession are rapidly decreasing. It is likely that the Fed will hold another rate hike before the end of the year, bringing its value to the 5.75% promised by Jerome Powell.On the daily chart, the Bollinger Bands are confidently turned down. The MACD indicator is declining in the negative zone, maintaining a strong sell signal. The Stochastic oscillator tests the 20% boundary for a breakdown from top to bottom.After fixing the price below 1.2550, we form sales in the direction of 1.2450. We will set the stop loss to 1.2600.We will consider purchases only in case of a breakout of the pair above the resistance of 1.2600. The target mark is 1.2690. We will put the protective stop at ...
Trading idea for GBP/USD for September 5, 2023In Tuesday's Asian session, GBP/USD is sharply declining and is currently trading near 1.2550. Sterling has been under pressure since the end of last week, retreating further from the local high of August 23 – 1.2744.At the weekend, British Finance Minister Jeremy Hunt said that by the end of the year, the inflation rate in the UK will decrease by about half, to 5%, as the government is doing everything possible to achieve this goal. The minister believes that by autumn households will feel relieved, and the economy will surely recover.The market believes that without an increase in interest rates by the Bank of England, the British government is unlikely to be able to reduce inflation to 5%. In this regard, it is possible that at the September meeting, the Bank of England will raise the rate by 50 basis points at once. This will be good for sterling, but bad for the already weak UK economy, which the monetary policy of the Central Bank is approaching recession by leaps and bounds.Also, market participants continue to discuss the recent report of the US labor market, which showed contradictory values. Investors believe that after the NFP, the Fed will not decide to raise rates in the near future. This reduces the attractiveness of the dollar in forex currency trading.We expect that in the near future, GBP/USD will push off from the local minimum and move to strengthening. Placing a pending orderBuy-stop 1.2600 take-profit 1.2900 stop-loss ...
Express forex forecast for the GBP/USD pairBased on technical modeling for the pound/dollar pair, a forecast of further movement has been formed and the average price is predisposed to decline.In this technical situation, the pound can be sold from the level of 1.2614, you can also place a pending sell order at the level of 1.2679 in order to decrease to the area of 1.2525-1.2445, the stop with this strategy can be placed at the level of 1.2725.If we receive a profit of 30 points or more, we fix 50% of the position, and put the rest at breakeven. If this forecast for the GBP/USD pair coincides with your opinion, then you can safely use this strategy.Forex strategy for the USD/CAD pairThe USD/CAD pair is trading within an uptrend on a 4-hour chart. It shows that the USD/CAD exchange rate is trading above the moving average with a period of 55 on the hourly chart (level 1.3549), which generally contributes to the price increase in the short term. I recommend working on this pair from sales based on the established wave model.The signal to open a long position will be a breakdown at the end of the resistance hour at the level of 1.3629 in order to increase to the resistance at the level of 1.3678 and in case of its breakdown at the end of the hour to 1.3736. The stop loss with this strategy can be placed at the level of 1.3540.The signal to open a short position will be a breakdown at the end of the support hour at 1.3549 with the aim of reducing to support at 1.3488 in case of its breakdown at the end of the 1.3429 hour. The stop loss with this strategy can be placed at the level of 1.3653.Given that the moving average and the location of the boundaries of technical figures are moving over time, it is necessary to adjust their position on the hourly chart. I also recommend opening positions at the end of the hour to avoid false ...
On Thursday, after a three-day "bullish" rally, GBP/USD is slightly declining, but does not retreat from the highs of August 23. The day before, the pair showed the most powerful growth since mid-July. This is how traders reacted to the release of US macroeconomic reports.The private sector employment report from ADP for August showed 177.0 thousand new jobs, which turned out to be worse than the forecast of 195 thousand and significantly weaker than the July value of 371.0 thousand. In addition, the GDP estimate of the second quarter was revised downwards from 2.4% to 2.1%. The reports increase the likelihood that the Fed will leave the rate unchanged at the September meeting.At the same time, the statistics published yesterday from the UK also failed to please investors. In July, the volume of consumer lending decreased from £1.637 billion. to £1.191 billion, and the number of mortgage applications approved decreased from 54.605 thousand. Up to 49.444 thousand .A report on personal expenses/incomes of citizens and data on applications for unemployment benefits will be released in the USA today.Technical analysis for GBP/USDThe Bollinger Bands indicator on the Daily chart does not show any direction, but is located in the horizontal plane. The MACD indicator remains in the negative range, but rises to the zero line and holds the buy signal. The Stochastic oscillator is growing steadily.If buyers are able to gain a foothold above 1.2747, we open long positions with a target mark of 1.2850. We will set the stop loss at 1.2700.A breakdown with the price fixing below 1.2690 will indicate a return to sales with the nearest target at 1.2600. We will set the stop loss of the transaction at ...
Express forex forecast for the GBP/USD pairBased on technical modeling for the pound/dollar pair, a forecast of further movement has been formed and the average is urgently predisposed to an increase.In this technical situation, the pound can be bought from the level of 1.2591, you can also place a pending purchase order at the level of 1.2551 in order to increase to the area of 1.2733-1.2984, the stop with this strategy can be placed at the level of 1.2530.If we receive a profit of 30 points or more, we fix 50% of the position, and put the rest at breakeven. If this forecast for the GBP/USD pair coincides with your opinion, then you can safely use this strategy.Forex strategy for the USD/CAD pairThe USD/CAD pair is trading within an uptrend on a 4-hour chart. It shows that the USD/CAD exchange rate is trading above the moving average with a period of 55 on the hourly chart (level 1.3547), which generally contributes to the price increase in the short term. I recommend working on this pair from sales based on the established wave model.The signal to open a long position will be a breakdown at the end of the resistance hour at 1.3627 in order to increase to the resistance at 1.3678 and in case of its breakdown at the end of the hour to 1.3719. Stop loss with this strategy can be placed at 1.3560.The signal to open a short position will be a breakdown at the end of the support hour at the level of 1.3488 with the aim of reducing to support at the level of 1.3429 in case of its breakdown at the end of the hour 1.3381. The stop loss with this strategy can be placed at the level of 1.3615.Given that the moving average and the location of the boundaries of technical figures are moving over time, it is necessary to adjust their position on the hourly chart. I also recommend opening positions at the end of the hour to avoid false ...
GBP/USD analysis on August 28, 2023On Monday, buyers tested the 1.2600 level again, failed to break through it, and GBP/USD, pushing off from the resistance, moved to a decline.The markets continue to discuss Jerome Powell's Friday speech at the Jackson Hole symposium. The head of the Fed confirmed the possibility of further rate hikes to the level of 5.75%. The Federal Reserve intends to switch to softening financial conditions only after stable signals of a decrease in inflation to the target level of 2%Some support for sterling was provided by UK economic releases. Thus, the consumer confidence index in August rose from (-30.0) to (-25.0) with a forecast of (-29.0).Today, investors are waiting for the release of a report on consumer lending volumes and a speech by Hugh Pill.GBP/USD Technical AnalysisThe Bollinger indicator is decreasing moderately. The MACD indicator holds a strong sell signal. The Stochastic oscillator broke through the 20% level from top to bottom and entered the area of minimum values.The main forex indicators adhere to the "bearish" direction of GBP/USD. We consider short positions after fixing the pair below 1.2550. The target is 1.2450. We take out the stop loss at 1.2600.An alternative option will be implemented if the asset rises above 1.2650. In this case, the buyers' target is located at 1.2747. Placing the stop at ...
The foreign exchange market is better known as Forex or FX. Trading in this market has become very popular in recent years. However, this is not the case - Forex trading raises a number of questions. For example: what is the foreign exchange market? Which currency pairs are best to trade? Is currency trading risky? Some of the answers to these questions will be found in this article.What is the Forex market?The foreign exchange market is also called the Forex market or the English foreign exchange market. It is simply a market where currencies are exchanged. According to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the foreign exchange market is the largest market in terms of total volume, with up to USD 5 trillion traded daily. It is not a physical place, but rather an electronic network where institutions or individuals trade with each other.The left-hand currency is called the base currency and the right-hand currency is called the quote currency. The second currency indicates the value relative to 1 unit of the base currency. For instance, the formula EUR/USD = 1.4000 implies that EUR/USD trades at 1.4000, i.e., 1 Euro has a value of $1.40. The first currency is always expressed in the second currency. USD/JPY at 110.50 means that one USD is worth JPY 110.50. EUR/USDWhat are the best currency pairs to trade?The best currency pairs to trade effectively depend on your trading style. If you have a short term strategy, for example, if you like to scalp, then the major currency pairs will be most profitable for you because of the low spreads.On the other hand, for a fundamental trader, smaller currency pairs will be of interest based on long-term analysis. The most profitable currency pairs may be those involving the Australian dollar, Japanese yen or Canadian dollar.The best forex currency pairs:EUR/USD: this pair has the lowest spread and is not very volatile.GBP/USD: this pair is interesting in terms of spreads and possible gaps, but it is quite volatile.USD/JPY: this pair has low spreads and offers some interesting possibilities. GBP/USDHow to get started trading currencies online?To start trading currencies online, follow these steps:- Choose a regulated and reputable broker- Choose a broker by the quality of execution of trading instructions- Decide on the trading style that suits you best (scalping, intraday trading, swing trading - you keep your position open for several days)- Determine the appropriate leverage effect in the stock market according to your strategy and experience.- Do not invest more than you can afford to lose.- Choose an intuitive, simple and secure trading platform such as MetaTrader 4.- Try all the above steps on a demo account, before trading live.Read more: Features of intraday trading on the Forex marketGoldIs online currency trading dangerous?Like any financial investment, currency trading online is subject to risks. However, there are different methods to control these risks:- Determine the price of the currency pair at which you want to close a position if developments are unfavourable (for example, if you buy and the price falls, or if you sell and the price rises),- Determine the size of the trade so that your potential loss should not exceed 2-3% of your capital per trade,- Estimate your risk/return ratio (loss/profit) before you open the trade. By default you should have a greater potential for profit than loss, e.g. risk 50 pips, but try to make a profit of e.g. 100 pips.For proper money management and risk reduction it is advisable to start trading on a demo account and try things out on the dirt first. Such an account will allow you to trade in real market conditions, but with fictitious capital, so that you have a complete understanding of the foreign exchange market without any risk.Read more: Forex broker: how to choose a good ...
In the foreign exchange market, the GBP/USD quote (the British pound against the United States dollar) is among the four most liquid instruments.Traders call the pair the word "cable". This jargon seemed to have arisen in the interval when the values of quotations were sent from the Old World to the New through a special wired highway passing through the bottom of the ocean.GBP/USD forecast (online) for todayIn one day, the pair passes from 150 to 200 points, therefore it is considered very mobile, it should be traded with all caution and foresight. The forecast for GBP/USD is based on 20 indicators and shows a fairly accurate picture.General characteristics of GBP USDThe total share of the pair's trading turnover in the foreign exchange market is about 14%.The quote demonstrates how much American dollars should be paid to buy one pound sterling.The GBP/USD exchange rate is characterized by sharp, emotional movements. Volatility is significantly higher than other pairs, for example, twice ahead of the swings of EUR/USD. When calculating the stop-loss level, it is necessary to take into account this feature of the quotation and focus on the furthest highs and lows that are only possible in the considered interval of the price chart.Factors of influence on GBP USD and what the exchange rate depends onThe forecast for GBP/USD should be checked with your own analysis, and in order to conduct it yourself, you need to know the factors influencing the currency pair.The decisions of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England (an analogue of our Central Bank) have an important impact on the GBPUSD rate. It is this state body that regulates the establishment of official interest rates. The committee consists of 9 people who represent both employees of the Bank of England, including its chairman, and independent experts.Meetings and publication of their results take place monthly. The decision is published on the second day after the start of the work of the ministers. This happens at 16:00 Moscow time. Directly voting on decisions and official resolutions are made on the second day. In two weeks, a detailed countdown of the meeting is provided, including the points of view of the majority and minority of the voters.The quarterly "Inflation Report" and the "Quarterly Bulletin" can be distinguished from official documents.The first document describes in detail the possibilities of economic growth and the target inflation rate in the next 2 years. The second report includes the results of the current monetary policy and the prospects for the development of the UK economic system.Changes in the rates of the US Federal Reserve and the UK Monetary Policy Committee are reflected accordingly in the quotations of national currencies. Investors who have started working with this pair should be advised to enter the position in small lots and closely monitor the volume of transactions taking place. The price does not hold the overcome levels well, so GBP/USD very often rolls back, even after overcoming strong resistance lines. This feature is largely due to the fact that GBP/USD is noticeably suffering from low liquidity.The correlation of GBP/USD with another currency quote – EUR/USD is always noticeable. This connection is very logical, because the euro also stands on the side of the Europeans, sharing all the main news affecting the currency quotes of the EU member states.Read more: How much can you really earn on the Forex marketHow best to trade on the GBP USD currency pairThe GBP/USD currency pair has a ticker identical to its name. Most forex brokers have this tool in their arsenal, so there should not be any problems with finding this tool.The minimum lot, according to interbank standards, is 100,000 GBP. Naturally, the broker makes it possible to work with fractional parts.The spread is approximately 0.00005 - 0.00015.The trading session with this instrument coincides with EUR/USD, which allows you to work seamlessly with quotes.Given the dynamics of the pair and its predisposition to long trends, Moving Average indicators should be used in combination with power indicators, among which the most relevant are RSI and MACD. The Ichimoku indicator works successfully to determine the price levels of support and resistance on a currency pair. Also, as a more functional alternative to the RSI indicator, you can use Stochastic, which determines the oversold and overbought levels in the foreign exchange market.A sign of professional trading is a combination of technical and fundamental analysis data to open a position. This is also true for the GBP/USD pair.One of the interesting ways to make money on a currency pair is trading digital options. This is a very simple tool based literally on two buttons - UP and DOWN.Read more: Key participants of the forex marketFeatures of the currency pairEngland officially has a market economy with limited state control. The economy of the United Kingdom is the largest in the world and ranks sixth. In Europe, in terms of economic indicators, the UK is overtaken only by Germany. The Government includes the Treasury, which is headed by the Chancellor, who is responsible for the creation and implementation of economic and social policy by the British government.The Bank of England acts as the central bank of the island kingdom and is responsible for the issue of pounds sterling. Any news concerning these organizations can significantly change the dynamics of the GBP/USD exchange rate.The pound is the 3rd largest reserve currency in the international economy, after the euro and the dollar. Since 1997, the Monetary Policy Committee has been responsible for publishing the key interest rate at the required level. In fact, the responsible person is the Chancellor of the committee.GBPUSD is a complex currency pair that is very closely interrelated with EUR/USD. At the same time, it lacks such high liquidity, the lack of which translates into increased volatility. Nevertheless, working with GBP/USD is a great chance to increase or strengthen the position already opened on EURUSD. Technical analysis shows relative efficiency. Unjustified price breakouts in any direction will force the trader to adjust his strategy all the time, and will not allow him to earn on one trading idea for a long time.Read more: What time is better to trade ...
According to the general opinion, the origin and functioning of monetary systems are among the most difficult to understand issues of economic theory. In this situation, it is important at the initial stage to give clear and functional definitions of the basic concepts.Types of moneyMoney is considered to be assets that perform the functions of a means of circulation, account units and savings funds. Depending on the method of issue, three types of money can be distinguished:commodity moneycredit moneyfiat money.Commodity moneyCommodity money has been known since ancient times. Their value was determined by the value of the material from which they were made. Commodity money played an important role in metal monetary systems.Credit moneyCredit money (inside money) appeared with the emergence of the first banks. They were debt obligations of banks – banknotes or deposits. Their value was secured by the assets of the issuing bank. Credit money was important in countries where there was no state monopoly on the issue of money.According to the alternative history of money, the first money is often considered to be debts on commodity loans – they were used as a unit of account. After a while, the temples (as organizations that enjoyed unconditional trust) began to recognize these debts, and they became a means of circulation. Subsequently, with the emergence of large-scale production, for the organization and launch of which large-scale investments were required, money-debts turned into a full-fledged means of accumulation.Thus, according to representatives of the alternative concept, metal coins, traditionally considered "universal equivalent" and "real money", appeared later than debts and were derivatives in relation to them. An alternative history of money can provide another explanation for the development of the monetary sphere in the past, as well as its features in the present. According to this version, banks are not "money warehouses", but buyers of debts. Recognizing debts, modern banks, like temples in ancient times, turn them into money accepted by everyone. To do this, they do not need to accumulate goods (precious metals) or other types of means of payment.The basis of the value of a loan is the creditworthiness of its counterparty, that is, the confidence that the counterparty will repay its debt on time. This confidence was provided by organizations that, thanks to their reputation, massively accepted (bought) debts: in ancient times – temples, later – banks. The value of the accepted debts was ultimately given by the state:in the law, these funds were declared a national monetary unit, they were guaranteed state support;they were taken into account for the payment of taxes;citizens were obliged to repay their debts to each other with them.Fiat moneyFiat money or fiat currencies (outside money, from Lat. fiat - decree, instruction) were issued by the state in the form of treasury notes. Their value was based on trust in the state. With the emergence of the state monopoly on the issue of credit money created by banks, they were equalized in rights with fiat money. Therefore, all modern money can be considered fiat.Their value is based on trust in the monetary system as a whole. The state, represented by the central bank, not only issues cash, but also maintains confidence in non-cash money that banks create. In the future, we will use the term "fiat money" in relation to all modern money that is not provided with goods or other material values.Modern fiat money can be cash or non-cash. Cash and non-cash money can be exchanged in a ratio of 1:1. With the development of financial technologies, the popularity of cash is decreasing. The basis of the money supply in modern fiat money systems is non-cash money.From time to time, the attention of researchers and the general public is attracted by assets that can perform certain functions of money. Since the mid-2010s, cryptocurrencies issued by the private sector have been claiming this. Cryptocurrencies have separate properties of commodity and credit money.Digital currencies of central banks (central bank digital currencies) is one of the widely discussed projects in the field of monetary circulation in the early 2020s. If they fully perform the functions of money, by their nature they will belong to fiat money.Issue of fiat moneyIn metal monetary systems, the size of the issue is limited by bank reserves (liquid assets of banks). In fiat systems, such restrictions disappear. But it does not follow from this that the issue of fiat money is not limited by anything.Today, the credit activity of commercial banks is influenced by:interest rate policy of central banks;regulatory standards and measures aimed at achieving financial stability;strict limitations of modern banking risk management.Why did states switch to fiat moneyThe gold standard once played a certain positive role, contributing to the development of world trade and industry. At the same time, he had serious shortcomings:the flow of gold between countries, accelerated by higher rates, led to periodic crises;the more countries switched to the gold standard, the more gold was lacking;under the conditions of the gold standard, the central bank could not adequately perform the functions of a lender of last resort.The emergence of fiat money systems solved the problem of the lack of "money metal". But from the very beginning there were risks:for price stability - historically, the state has a reputation for "living beyond its means";for financial stability, fiat emission can lead to bubbles, and due to the growing interdependence of national economies, crises are becoming more "contagious".Maintaining financial stability for 2021 is still an unresolved ...